tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90214472866238860702024-03-13T12:01:59.519-07:00Ellye Bintang Senjaif you only do what can you do
you never do so muchAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.comBlogger57125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-78812243446297751972013-12-05T00:36:00.001-08:002013-12-05T00:36:45.166-08:00Pelaksanaan Panel<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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PROSEDUR PELAKSANAAN
PANEL</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Setelah menentukan jenis panel yang dilakukan
maka buatlah Form panel sesuai dengan metode panel yang dilakukan.Minimal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>panelis untuk tiap uji</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Siapkan tiga hingga lima digit angka atau huruf
acak atau kombinasi keduanya, usahakan hinggga panelis tidak terpengaruh.
Jangan lupa untuk mencatat kode sample beserta kuncinya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Buatlah undangan panel yang mengandung waktu
pelaksanaan panel, tempat panel, dan jenis sample yang diujikan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sebarkan undangan dan beritahu pada panelis secara
lisan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Siapkan peralatan masak pastikan dalam kondisi
bersih.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lakukan pemasakan sample sesuai dengan
permintaan requester apakah dimasak untuk uji aplikasi atau untuk kebutuhan
panel</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sajikan sample pada wadah yang spesifikasinya
sesuai dengan sample.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Siapkan penetral (air putih dengan menggunakan
wadah yang tidak mempengaruhi sample penel maupun panelis.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Bersihkan terlebih dahulu tempat panel sebelum
panel dimulai (apabila ingin dipel maka usahakan senetral mungkin jangan
menggunakan wewangian)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pastikan tempat penerangan dan suhu panel
memenuhi syarat</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ketika panelis sudah datang maka buatlah panelis
dalam mood yang baik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan sample, penetral dan form panel.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Beri instruksi pada penelis </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Setelah penelis selesai melakukan panel mintalah
kembali Form yang telah diisi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Berikan hadiah/ gift pada panelis dan ucapkan
terima kasih.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Setelah waktu panel habis maka segeralah
membersihkan ruangan, perlengkapan panel lainya dengan mencucinya dengan
menggunakna sabun, sapulah ruangan penyaji dan juga bilik pencicip, pel lantai
bias menggunakan pewangi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Apabila masih ada sample yang tersisa maka
simpan kira-kira satu minggu setelah itu sample bias dimusnahkan dengan cara </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ketika akan meninggalkan ruangan panel maka
pastikan ruangan dalam kondisi bersih, matikan lampu dan AC.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-40285137056451852522013-11-27T22:06:00.005-08:002013-11-27T22:06:41.709-08:00Cara Analisa MIcrobilogi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Nama <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Laili Hidayah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 4 TPHP 3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NIS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 7134</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TUGAS MICROBIOLOGI</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Guru Pembimbing : Bp. Casmono</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara analisa Microbiologi yang dilakuakn
di perusahaan tempak Prakerin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena Perusahaan tempat kami melakukan
Prakerin adalah perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan pangan dengan
bahan dasar Daging sehingga produk yang dihasilkan adalah makanan olahan daging
seperti berbaagai macam sosis,berger, smoke beef, Cornet dll.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa yang dilakukan adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa TPC <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Total Plate Count) Hitungan cawan total</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa E.Coli</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa Coliform</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa </span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Staphylococcus
aureus</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosedur Analisa</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa TPC (Total Plate Count)/
Hitungan cawan total</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Pertumbuhan mikroorganisme yang
membentuk koloni dapat dianggap bahwa setiap koloni yang tumbuh berasal dari
satu sel, maka dengan menghitung jumlah koloni dapat diketahui penyebaran
bakteri yang ada pada bahan. Jumlah mikroba pada suatu bahan dapat dihitung
dengan berbagai macam cara, tergantung pada bahan dan jenis mikrobanya. Ada 2
macam cara perhitungan jumlah mikroba/bakteri, yaitu perhitungan secara
langsung dan tidak langsung.Perhitungan jumlah mikroba secara langsung yaitu
jumlah mikroba dihitung secara keseluruhan, baik yang mati atau yang hidup
sedangkan perhitungan jumlah miroba secara tidak langsung yaitu jumlah mikroba
dihitung secara keseluruhan baik yang mati atau yang hidup atau hanya untuk
menentukan jumlah mikroba yang hidup saja, ini tergantung cara-cara yang
digunakan. Untuk menentukan jumlah miroba yang hidup dapat dilakukan setelah
larutan bahan atau biakan mikroba diencerkan dengan factor pengenceran tertentu
dan ditumbuhkan dalam media dengan cara-cara tertentu tergantung dari macam dan
sifat-sifat mikroba</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Analisa TPC dilakukan adalah untuk
mengetahui pada sampel. angka lempeng total yaitu jumlah bakteri mesofil aerob
yang hidup pada sampel. Bakteri mesofil aerob adalah golongan bakteri yang
tumbuh baik pada suhu 25-40˚C dalam suasana mengandung asam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Sebelum
melakukan praktikum penghitungan bakteri atau mikroba terlebih dahulu kita
menyiapkan alat dan bahan yang diperlukan. Setelah apa yang dibutuhkan telah
siap maka kita dapat melakukan praktikum penghitungan bakteri atau mikroba.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">A.
Alat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Erlenmeyer
– Penangas Air</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Petridish
– Lemari Pengeram</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Pipet Ukur 10
mL
– Alat Penghitung Koloni (<em><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Colony
Counter</span></em>)</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Tabung
Reaksi
– Alat Penghomogen (<em><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Vortex</span></em>)</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Rak Tabung
Reaksi
– Tissue</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Bunsen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">B.
Bahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Aquades</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Potatoes Dextrose Agar ( PDA )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Sampel SOSIS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">-
Alkohol 80 %</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>C. Prosedur <b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyiapkan
alat dan bahan yang akan digunakan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyemprot
meja kerja dan tangan praktikan dengan alcohol 80%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membungkus
cawan petri, tabung reaksi, pipet ukur dengan kertas buram, (tabung reaksi
masing – masing diisi 9 mL Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) dan lubang tabung
reaksi ditutup dengan kapas).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat
media Potatoes Dextrose Agar ( PDA ).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mensterilisasi
semua alat yang telah dibungkus kertas buram pada autoclave selama 15 menit
pada suhu 121˚C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendinginkan
alat dan bahan yang telah disterilisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
pengekstrakan, sampel dimasukan ke dalam tabung reaksi yang berisi 9 mL Aquades
yang telah steril (10<sup>1</sup>) dilakukan secara aseptis, mengocok 25 kali
dengan vortex.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
pengenceran berikutnya yaitu memipet 1 mL dari tabung reaksi 10<sup>1</sup>
dimasukan ke tabung reaksi dan diencerkan, pengenceran 10<sup>2</sup>,
memvortex dan memipet 1 mL lagi di masukan ke cawan petri dilakukan secra
aseptis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
pengenceran berikutnya hingga pengenceran 10<sup>5</sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cawan
petri yang telah terisi digoyang-goyangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menuangkan
media ke masing-masing cawan, tungu hingga media padat lalu balikkan posisi
cawan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukan
cawan petri ke dalam incubator dengan posisi terbalik pada suhu 35±1˚C selama
24-48 jam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencatat
pertumbuhan koloni pada masing-masing cawan yang mengandung 25-250 koloni dan
melihat bentuknya dengan colony counter.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa
E Coli </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Escherichia coli) </span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan Coliform</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Bakteri dapat ditemukan di hampir
semua tempat: di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">tanah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">air</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">udara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">, dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">simbiosis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> dengan organisme lain maupun sebagai
agen </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">parasit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">patogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">), bahkan dalam tubuh manusia Pada
umumnya, bakteri berukuran 0,5-5 μm, tetapi ada bakteri tertentu yang dapat
berdiameter hingga 700 μm, yaitu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomargarita" title="Thiomargarita"><i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Thiomargarita</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> Mereka umumnya memiliki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">dinding sel</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">, seperti sel </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">tumbuhan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">jamur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">,
tetapi dengan bahan pembentuk sangat berbeda (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">peptidoglikan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">). Beberapa jenis bakteri bersifat
motil (mampu bergerak) dan mobilitasnya ini disebabkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagel" title="Flagel"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">flagel</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahan-bahan yang digunakan adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampel air yang telah diklorinasi</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lactose Broth</span></i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Briliant Green Lactose
Bile Broth (</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BGLBB<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">)</i></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aquades</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DPD Free Chlorin</span></i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EMB Agar (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eosin
Metylen Blue</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>B. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat-alat yang
dogunakan adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung reaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung durham</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Neraca</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Autoklaf</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pipet mohr 10 mL</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erlenmeyer</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Labu takar</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inkubator (37,5 </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\WAKHID\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="6" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C)</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Botol contoh</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kapas</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembakar </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">spirtus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cawan petri</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>C. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="IN">Metode dan Cara Kerja</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: -63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam praktik kerja lapang (PKL) ini dilakukan analisis
mikrobiologi dengan menggunakan metode (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Most
Probable Number</i>) MPN atau (Angka Paling Mungkin) APM dengan acuan APHA9221
B-2005.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: -63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>D. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prinsip</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oliform</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk menghitung bakteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Coliform</i> ( Total <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Colifrom</i>)
dapat digunakan metode MPN. Perhitungan MPN berdasarkan pada jumlah tabung
reaksi yang positif, yakni yang ditumbuhi oleh mikroba setelah diinkubasi pada
suhu dan waktu tertentu. Pengamatan tabung yang positif dapat dilihat dengan
mengamati timbulnya kekruhan atau terbentuknya gas di dalam tabung kecil
(tabung durham) yang diletakan terbalik, yaitu jasad renik yang membentuk gas
(Waluyo, 2008). Untuk menguji sifat itu diperlukan beberapa tahap pengujian
yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji Pendugaan</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji pendugaan
adalah uji khas bakteri </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oliform</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan menggunakan media laktosa, di mana bakteri mampu
menggunakan laktosa sebagai sumber karbon ditandai dengan terbentuknya asam dan
gas yang dapat dideteksi dengan indikator tertentu, sedangkan untuk mendeteksi
adanya gas digunakan tabung durham terbalik, hasil positif yang ditandai dengan
terbentuknya asam dan gas lalu dilanjutkan ke uji penegasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji Penegasan </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji penegasan merupakan uji lanjuta dari uji pendugaan
adanya bakteri </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oloform</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> secara pasti, uji ini menggunakan media BGLBB yang berisi
tebung durham terbalik, dimana media ini digunakan dengan tujian untuk
menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri gram positif dan mengiatkan pertumbuhan bakteri
gram negati, hasil yang po</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">itif ditandai dengan adanya gas dalam tabung durham, nilai ini ditunjukan sebagai
angka rujukan pada daftar JPT</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. coli</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode hitungan cawan adalah salah satu
metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menguji kualitas air minum. Metode hitungan
cawan merupakan metode yang paling sensitif untuk menentukan jasad renik,
dengan prinsip jika sel jasad renik yang masih hidup ditumbuhkan pada medium
agar maka sel jasad renik tersebut akan berkembang biak dan membentuk koloni
yang dapat dilihat langsung dan dihitung tanpa menggunakan mikroskop (Fardiaz,
1992).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
mengidentifikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E.</i> coli digunakan
media agar EMB (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eosin Metylen Blue</i>),
media agar EMB bila terdapat bakteri <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E</i>.
coli jika positif akan terbentuk warna hijau terang pada media agar EMB.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cara Kerja</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
ini adalah cara kerja dalam analisis mikrobiologi yaitu pembuatan media ,
sterilisasi alat dan media dan pemeriksaan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">otal
coliform</span></i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E</i>. coli</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan
Media</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Media Total coliform</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Ditimbang 1,3 gram <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lactose Broth</i></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimasukkan dalam wadah gelas piala
dilarutkan dengan 100 mL aquades. Dipipet masing-masing 10mL ke dalam 10 tabung
reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditimbang
0.65 gram media <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lactose Broth</i>
dimasukkan ke<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam wadah gelas piala
dilarutkan dengan 25 mL aquades. Dipipet masing-masing 5 mL ke dalam 5 tabung
reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditimbang
6 gram media BGLBB (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brilliant Green
Lactose Bile Broth</i>) dimasukkan dalam gelas piala yang dilarutkan dengan 150
mL aquades. Dipipet masing-masing 10 mL ke dalam 15 tabung reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimasukkan
1 tabung durham secara terbalik ke dalam tiap tabung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditutup
mulut tabung reaksi dengan disumbat kapas, dan sumbat tersebut harus sedemikian
kuat sehingga dapat dicabut dari tabungnya dengan menggunakan kelingking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimasukkan
tabung-tabung tersebut ke dalam beaker glass, ditutup bagian atasnya dengan
kertas kemudian diikat erat-erat dengan karet. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media
siap untuk disterelisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan Media E. coli</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditimbang
3,75 gram media agar EMB (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eosin Metylen
Blue</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimasukkan dalam wadah Erlenmeyer
dilarutkan dengan 100 mL aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditutup
mulut Erlenmeyer dengan disumbat kapas, dan ssumbat tersebut harus sedemikian
kuat sehingga dapat dicabut dari tabungnya dengan menggunakan kelingking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditutup
bagian atas erlenmeyer dengan kertas kemudian diikat erat-erat dengan karet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media
siap untuk disterilisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 49.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -70.9pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Srelisasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
ini adalah cara kerja strelisasi alat dan media pada analisa mikrobologi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterisasi Alat</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat-alat
yang akan disterisasi dibersihkan dan dikeringkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lalu
dibungkus dengan kertas (untuk pipet dan pinggan petri)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimasukan
dalam autoklaf dan diatur suhunya sampai mencapai 121°C selama 20 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sterelisasi Media</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media
yang akan disterelisasi dimasukan kedalam autoklaf</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu
diatur hingga 121°Cselam 60 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Autoklaf
dimatikan dan dibiarkan manomater sampai menunjukan angka nol, autoklaf dibuka
dan dibiarkan hingga dingin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; tab-stops: 56.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerikasaan
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">otal c</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oliform </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E</i>. coli</span></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
ini adalah cara kerja pemeriksaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total
colifrom </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E</i>. coli. Untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total coliform</i> dengan beberapa tahap
pengujian yaitu : uji pedugaan dan uji penegasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji Pendugaan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengerjaan
contoh dilakukan secara aseptik, dengan cara didekatkan dengan api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipipet
contoh masing-masing 10 mL ke dalam tabung medium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipipet
contoh masing-masing 1 mL ke dalam tabung medium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipipet
contoh masing-masing 0,1 mL ke dalam tabung medium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung
digoyang-goyangkan sehingga contoh tercampur dengan medium secara merata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diinkubasi
semua tabung pada suhu 35°C selama 24 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dicatat
tabung-tabung yang menujukkan reaksi positif , yaitu terbentuk asam dan
gelembung gas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung-tabung
yang belum menunjukkan adanya gelembung gas diinkubasikan kembali pada suhu
35°C selama 24 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji Penegasan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengerjaan
inokulasi dilakukan secara aseptis, dengan cara di dekatkan dengan api.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digoyang-goyangkan
tabung dari hasil uji pendugaan yang menunjukkan reaksi positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
tabung-tabung tersebut, diinokulasikan sebanyak 1 mL ke dalam tabung reaksi
medium BGLBB (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brilliant Green Lactose
Bile Broth</i>) untuk uji <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total coliform</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabung-tabung
tersebut diinkubasikan pada suhu 35°C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selama
48 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya
gelembung gas menunjukkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total coliform</i>
positif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dihitung
jumlah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Total coliform</i> per 100 mL
contoh dengan menggunakkan daftar Pumlah Perkiraan Terdekat (JPT)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
hasil tabung tidak terdapat pada kombinasi tabung yang positif pada tabel JPT,
maka jumlah bakteri per 100 mL harus dihitung dengan menggunakkan rumus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah bakteri (JPT/100 mL) = <u>A x
100</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>√B x C</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A :
jumlah tabung yang positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>B
: jumlah (mL) contoh dalam tabung negatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>C
: Volume (mL) contoh dalam semua tabung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila
volume sem</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">u</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a
contoh tidak sesuai dngan ketentuan tabel JPT, maka jumlah bakteri per 100 mL
dihitung dengan rumus :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlah
bakteri (JPT/100 mL) = <u>Z x 100</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Y</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Z :
jumlah bakteri dari tabel JPT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Y : Volume
(mL) contoh terbesar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji E. coli</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyiapkan
alat dan bahan yang akan di gunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menimbang
media EMB dan agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
pemanasan untuk sterilisasi media EMB dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menggunakan autoklaf dengan suhu 121<sup>0</sup>C dan waktu 50 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
penyemprotan tangan dengan menggunakan alkohol dan menyalakan lampu spirtus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
inokulasi dengan memasukan sampel air ke dalam cawan petri dengan memipet 1 mL
sampel dengan teknik penanaman goresan sinambung (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Streak</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dituangkan
media EMB ke dalam cawan petri yang sudah terdapat sampel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
inkubasi selama 24-48 jam dengan suhu 35<sup>0</sup>C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan
pengamatan yaitu dengan cara melihat warna yang di timbulkan oleh bakteri
tersebut.jika berwarna hijau metalik berarti positif keberadaan bakteri<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> E</i>. coli terdapat dalam sampel air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 34.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.
Analisa </span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Staphylococcus
aureus</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> (<i>S. aureus</i>) adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri_gram_positif" title="Bakteri gram positif"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">bakteri
gram positif</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> yang
menghasilkan pigmen kuning, bersifat aerob fakultatif, tidak menghasilkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spora" title="Spora"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">spora</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">
dan tidak motil, umumnya tumbuh berpasangan maupun berkelompok, dengan diameter
sekitar 0,8-1,0 µm. <i>S. aureus</i> tumbuh dengan optimum pada suhu 37<sup>o</sup>C
dengan waktu pembelahan 0,47 jam <i>S. aureus</i> merupakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroflora_normal_manusia" title="Mikroflora normal manusia"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">mikroflora
normal manusia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">.
Bakteri ini biasanya terdapat pada saluran pernapasan atas dan kulitKeberadaan <i>S.
aureus</i> pada saluran pernapasan atas dan kulit pada individu jarang
menyebabkan penyakit, individu sehat biasanya hanya berperan sebagai
karier<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infeksi serius akan terjadi
ketika resistensi inang melemah karena adanya perubahan hormon; adanya
penyakit, luka, atau perlakuan menggunakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">steroid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"> atau obat lain yang memengaruhi
imunitas sehingga terjadi pelemahan inang</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Infeksi
<i>S. aureus</i> diasosiasikan dengan beberapa kondisi patologi, diantaranya
bisul, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerawat" title="Jerawat"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">jerawat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">pneumonia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">meningitis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthritits&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Arthritits (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">arthritits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">. Sebagian besar penyakit yang
disebabkan oleh bakteri ini memproduksi nanah, oleh karena itu bakteri ini
disebut piogenik</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Penentuan
<b><i>Staphylococcus aureus </i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan
metode Hitungan Cawan</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prinsip dari analisa ini
adalah dengan menuangkan BPA kedalam cawan yang stereil, biarkan membeku dan
sebarkan sample sebanyak 1 ml ke dalam media yang telah siap tersebut.Sedangkan
konfirmasi koloni <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus </i><u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></u></b>dengan menggunakan metode koagulasi
dan uji tambahan. Metode ini cocok untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengetahui makanan yang diduga mengandung koloni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih dari 100 <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus/</i></b>g.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peralatan</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Autoclave</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Alat
hitung koloni</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Timbangan
analitik</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Botol
pengencer</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Batang
gelas bengkok</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Blender</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Cawan
petri</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Gelas
ukur</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Gelas
preparat</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Incubator</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Membrane
apparatus</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">membran
filter</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">pipet
gelas</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">waterbath</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Pipet
Pasteur</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Media</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">BPA</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">BHIB</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Coagulase
plasma dengan EDTA</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Larutan
Butterfild phosphat buffered</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Paraffin
oil steril</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Pereaksi
pewarnaan gram</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Pereaksi
katalese</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Purple
Carbohydrate Broth</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Toluidine
blue</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Trypticase</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Kondisi
pengujian</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Kondisi
pengujian harus dalam kndisi steril baik personal, peralatan dan lingkungan
harus dalm kondisi steril agar sample yang dianalisa idak terkontaminasi. Media
yang dikgunakna harus dalam kondisi kering ketika ingin dibuat. Bila <b><i>Staphylococcus
aureus </i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak tumbuh dalm waktu 48jam maka dapat
dilanjut sampai 72 jam</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Constantia; mso-fareast-font-family: Constantia;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prosedur</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Potong kecil-kecil sample
yang telah diambil secara acak</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Timbang sample hingga 25
g</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Masukan dalam wadah /
plastic steril</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tambahkan larutan 225 ml </span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Butterfild phosphat buffered
homogenkan selama 2 menit( homogenate ini merupakan larutan pengencer 10</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">¹
</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Kemudian
lakukan pengenceran hingga pengenceran kelima</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Kemudian
isolasi <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus </i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan
menggunakn cawan dan retaken dangan menggunakan gelas bengkok dan iarkan selama
48 jam.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lakukan perhitungan
koloni</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ambil dua atau lebh
koloni terduga unuk dilakukan uji koagulase dan uji tambahan</span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";"></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Lakukan
uji koagulase</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif";">Lakuka
uji tambahan</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Constantia","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apabila tidak terbentuk
koagulan maka negative mengadung <b><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i></b></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-40219964113832177962013-11-27T22:04:00.001-08:002013-11-27T22:04:28.589-08:00Proposal Usaha<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PART 1<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
<br />
1.1 Background<br />
Along with the times and environment that people are now starting to change in
a time consuming a food. <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Because</span>
they have more for the decrease in women's work and role as a mother yang only stay
in home stairs alone , most women now choose to be career women who are busy
with work so do not have time to <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">cook</span>
to his family home as a result many are choosing to buy nutritious food is
important and practical .<br />
Based on the above phenomenon is very suitable and potential when we set up a
precooked sausage -making business , which is one of the processed meat <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">to production of protein </span>content
needed by many parties ranging from children to the elderly . In addition to
having good taste sausages are also more attracted to children are difficult to
eat meat so that the children until the parents can eat nutritious foods
whenever and wherever<span style="color: red;">. </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">From the</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>terms of
price Sausage Ready to Eat fairly easily accessible by all levels of society .<br />
<br />
1.1 Vision<br />
- Obtaining the greatest possible profit .<br />
- Being one of the most successful culinary business in Cikarang , even
Indonesia .<br />
- Being Ready to Eat Sausage manufacturer number 1 in Indonesia.<br />
<br />
<br />
1.2 Mission<br />
- Continue to innovate in creating processed meat products are unique and
interesting .<br />
- Creating creative ideas as towing the interest of buyers .<br />
- Provide good service and friendly in an effort to attract buyers .<br />
- Selling products at an affordable price but with the quality and taste of
that riveting .<br />
<br />
<br />
1.3 Purpose of Business<br />
Being one of the successful culinary business in Jakarta with a high turnover
so as to open more branches in Indonesia and holds a lot of employees .<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER 2<br />
BUSINESS SUMMARY<br />
<br />
2.1 Business Profile<br />
<br />
Business Name :SentosaPrima<br />
Business Type : Culinary<br />
Business Address : JalanJababeka Block C No. Q - 14 Cikarang ,Bekasi<br />
Phone : 085729233915<br />
<br />
2.2 Description Initial Effort<br />
This business is my first attempt . In the early stages I will borrow from the
Bank as additional capital in our initial set up this business . I used my home
for production and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>located in Block C
Jababeka Road no- 14 Q Cikarang ,Bekasi as a location for my business and make
their business license .<br />
<br />
CHAPTER 3<br />
PRODUCT<br />
<br />
3.1 Product Overview<br />
Ready to Eat Sausage Products I differ from precooked sausage <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">or other. I</span> has its own ideas
and innovation in creating products Sausage Ready to Eat . I do not just
produce precooked sausage but also other processed meat products that the
process uses the same engine as the manufacture of precooked sausage like (
sausage that must be cooked before <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">eat</span><span style="color: red;"> </span>, I hope with my ideas and
innovation in producing SAUSAGE , can attract buyers so as to increase my
turnover .<br />
<br />
3.2 Overview of Competition<br />
For now I have some of the competitors<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span> <br />
Sausage sales affected me quite a bit because I have first competitors
distribute their products and also the advertising of their product is first
known to consumers .<br />
<br />
3.3 Overview Sales<br />
In its implementation will , I will sell my product to be <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">in outlet</span> special opening for
the products of my own production which is strategically located close to the
production site , in addition I will distribute <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">to shops</span> near the place of production and are also
sold by wandering into villages and complexes . Certainly in sales later , no
sales strategies will I use to attract potential buyers . My great hope that
the implementation will be selling sausages I run successfully .<br />
<br />
CHAPTER 4<br />
SWOT ANALYSIS<br />
<br />
1 . Strength ( Strength )<br />
a.Having characteristics different menu with other businesses that are Sausage
Sausages without preservatives Healthy and mixed vegetable extract high vitamin
.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.The place is strategically<br />
c.It was very tasty <br />
d. satisfactory service , neat and clean .<br />
<br />
2.Weakness ( Weakness )<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not suitable for people who<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dislike</span> Sausage <br />
yet have branches <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Less capital to start a business <br />
unstable raw material prices and very high ( meat and vegetables ) <br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prices were a little expensive<br />
<br />
3 . Opportunity ( Opportunity )<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>popular with most people .</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Typical Healthy Sausages menu makes this
business very promising .</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Branch that bring consumers more easily
approached .</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cultural consumerist society .</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
4 . Threat ( Threat )<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A lot of rivals out there .</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
raw material prices could go up at any time can lead to price increases sausage
that may reduce the buyer .</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">v</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER 5<br />
FINANCIAL PLANNING<br />
<br />
Total cost of construction enterprises Ready to Eat Healthy Sausages is Rp
17,750,000 , - the details are as follows =<br />
<br />
1 . Fixed costs ( Fixed Cost)<br />
No. . Item Name Item Number Price @ Total Price<br />
1 On-site shop - 1,000,000.00<br />
2 Equipment store<br />
a. Storefront 2 300,000.00 600,000.00<br />
b .seat 2 20,000.00 40,000.00<br />
c . Table 1 150,000.00 150,000.00<br />
3 Machine Food Processor capacity of 5 kg 3 10,000,000.00 30,000,000.00<br />
4 Bak Steinlisteal 9 50,000.00 450,000.00<br />
5 Tools to insert dough into sausage casings 6 50,000.00 300,000.00<br />
6 Shelf cook sausage 5 100,000.00 500,000.00<br />
7 Cookers sausage 1 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00<br />
8 as a means of cooling water pipe after cooked sausage 1 500,000.00 500,000.00<br />
9 Scales 4 100,000.00 400,000.00<br />
10 Freezer 2 100,000.00 200,000.00<br />
Vacuum machine for packaging 11 1 100,000.00 100,000.00<br />
12 20 20,000.00 400,000.00 Basket<br />
total 39,640,000.00<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
2 . Variable costs ( Variable Cost) per Month<br />
No. Item Name Item Amount ( kg ) Price per kg quantity price<br />
1 45,000.00 2,025,000.00 45 beef<br />
2 6,000.00 60,000.00 10 Spinach Vegetables<br />
3 vegetables carrot 10 10,000.00 100,000.00<br />
4 tapioca flour 12 10,000.00 120,000.00<br />
5 shallots 3 6,000.00 18,000.00<br />
6 garlic 5 7,000.00 35,000.00<br />
7 celery 2 5,000.00 10,000.00<br />
8 white pepper powder 2.5 15,000.00 37,500.00<br />
Casing 9 700 100.00 70,000.00<br />
10 electric and water - 100,000.00<br />
11 cost of sales 400 100 per rod 40,000.00<br />
12 Other expenses - 128,775.00<br />
total 2,744,275.00<br />
<br />
3 . Total Cost ( Total Cost )<br />
TC = TFC + TVC<br />
TC = USD $ 39,640,000.00 , - + Rp 2,744,275 , -<br />
TC = Rp 42,384,275.00<br />
<br />
<br />
4 . income<br />
The sales target is toast per day Monday-<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sunday</span><span style="color: red;"> .</span> 700batang.Waktu sell in a
month selling 21000batang .<br />
Daily revenue = Rp4,500 , - x 700 = USD 3,150,000.00 , -<br />
Monthly income = Rp 3,150,000 , - x 30 = USD $ 94,500,000.00<br />
<br />
<br />
5 . Price calculation<br />
Cost / Cost Variable = Rp2 , 744,275.00 , -<br />
Hpp per rod = Rp 2,744,275.00 , - / 700 = USD 3,920.39 ≈ Rp 4,000 , -<br />
Desired profit = Rp 4,500 . - ─ Rp4,000 , - = Rp 500 , -<br />
<br />
6 . Breakeven Point Analysis ( Break - Even Point )<br />
BEP = Fixed Cost = Rp , = 42,384,275.00 84,768.55 rod<br />
Profit of Rp 500 , -<br />
BEP will mean in = 84768.55 / 21000 = 4.04 months<br />
7 . analysis of RC<br />
Variable cost / benefit<br />
= Rp2 , 744,275,00<br />
Rp 405,725.00<br />
= 0.147844148<br />
By 0.15 the results of these efforts are not suitable for household industry .<br />
<br />
SOURCE OF FUNDS INVESTMENT<br />
Funding needs in the development of this business comes from its own funds and borrowed
funds from banks , namely :<br />
Equity : 21,192,137.50 USD ( 50 % )<br />
Bank Credit : Rp 21,192,137.50 ( 50 % )<br />
Total $ 42,384,275.00 ( 100 % )<br />
<br />
CHAPTER 6<br />
CLOSING<br />
<br />
<br />
A. Anticipating the Future<br />
As a good business , we are not going to let this business runs horizontally .
We will continue to try to improve the quality of our work , so that
enthusiasts or consumers satisfied with the service and the taste of the bread
we made. Because if we do not our quality sausages likely increase these
efforts will not go forward and threatened with bankruptcy .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">B. Conclusion</span><br />
We think this business can thrive and be successful . We are very confident
that this effort will go forward and continue to grow because it is done by
people who have the quality of jobs in each run . We are aware that these
efforts will directly growing rapidly but we will continue to strive to
continue to run and develop the business .<br />
<br />
CREDIT BANK GEM<br />
Business in Indonesia is currently experiencing rapid growth , as seen by the
increasing number of new entrepreneurs emerging in the business <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">world</span><span style="color: red;">. </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Development</span> certainly gives
positive signal to economy in Indonesia that directly impact on macro economic
growth in Indonesia.<br />
<br />
The rapid growth of the industry would need financial support from financial
institutions as venture capital for business development . Once the importance
of the role of financial institutions as a business partner for entrepreneurs
to improve their business and certainly expected to be the financial backer for
the entrepreneurs themselves .<br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Permata</span> Bank as financial
institutions look at the business world as something positive and see this as
an opportunity to improve services to the community , especially employers who
are expected to become a business partner who can always help the entrepreneurs
in Indonesia , Permata Bank has always had a commitment to realize the
expectations of the planning for your company .<br />
<br />
With the range of products held by PermataBank ,Permata Bank Credit facility is
one of the commitments that have been Permata Bank owned since its inception
aimed to develop the business , improve the welfare of the community , and
participate in national economic growth .<br />
<br />
So what are you waiting for entrepreneurs , on this occasion, we offer products
and services with Bank Permata very attractive and competitive rate .<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Permata Bank Credit Products<br />
<br />
A. Working Capital Loan ( WCL )<br />
Is one of the leading service aimed at Permata Bank to finance additional
capital additions receivables and additional business development and
increasing working capital requirements , Permata Bank is always ready to serve
the needs of the addition of ceiling ( suplesi ) credit .<br />
Permata Bank to provide an alternative form of credit financing as follows :<br />
• Skim credit limit decreases with a maximum term of 3 years<br />
• Skim the credit limit fixed by a maximum term of 1 year .<br />
In working capital credit application , customers are required to provide their
own funding with minimum of 30 % of the total capital requirement .<br />
<br />
B. Credit Investment ( KI )<br />
Investment credit is the perfect solution for entrepreneurs who need financing
the initial investment to be done by the customer . Investment credit ( KI )
are loans intended to finance fixed assets ( machinery , buildings , vehicles ,
etc. ) The addition of the company's assets , it will further improve the
quality and quantity of your company's production .<br />
KI = TPC - SDS<br />
TPC = Total Project Cost<br />
SDS = Sharing Funds Alone min 35 %<br />
<br />
Interest rates and general requirements in accordance with KMK.Kredit This
investment has a term of s / d 5 years.With minimum limit of Rp . 500.000.000 ,
- ( Five Hundred Million Euro ) to 40 billion rupees.<br />
<br />
G<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>eneral requirements :<br />
<br />
A. Terms of Applicant<br />
1 . Not included in the list of Bad Debts BI / BI Black List .<br />
2 . Indonesian citizen 21 years old or have been married .<br />
3 . Has been established / experienced in the business carried on at least 2
years without interruption<br />
4 . Financial condition / Financial Statements should profit the past 2 years .<br />
<br />
B. The documents that must be completed<br />
• Individual:<br />
o Copy of ID ( husband and wife )<br />
o Copy of Family Card ( If married / family )<br />
o Copy of Letter / Marriage Certificate<br />
• Business entity :<br />
o Copy of ID card ( the board and Commissioners )<br />
o Copy of Deed , the Deed of Amendment<br />
o Copy of letter of approval of the Minister of Justice and the State Gazette<br />
• Other Supplementary Documents for Individuals & Business Entities :<br />
o Photograph size 4 x 6 each - each 2 pieces<br />
o Copy of the Certificate of Name Change<br />
o Photocopy of citizen / foreigner<br />
o Copy of TIN<br />
o Copy of Business License / TDUP / SIUJK<br />
o Copy of valid TDP<br />
o Copy of the other licensing required for the business<br />
o Copy of SPPT last year and marks repayment<br />
o Copy of SPK / Other Work Order during the last 1 year<br />
o Copy of last 6 months bank account statements of BNI / other Banks<br />
o Copy of Certificate rights Reserved / HGB 's. Prospective borrowers ,
business company , the Company's Management<br />
o Copy of building permit for an existing building land<br />
o Copy of last 3 years of Financial Statements such as Balance Sheet and Income
Statement .<br />
C. Administrative costs , facility fees , insurance fees and notary fees<br />
( according to regulations )<br />
1 . cost Provision<br />
Loan Type Status Customer Base Rates<br />
New retail 1:25 %<br />
New commercial / Duration 1:25 % / 0.75 %<br />
New Medium / Long 1:00 % / 12:50 %<br />
<br />
2 . Administrative Costs<br />
Minimum magnitude of Credit Rates<br />
Up to Rp 50 million to Rp .100.000 , -<br />
>Rp 50 million - Rp 100 million to Rp . 150.000 , -<br />
> Rp.100 million s / d Rp 500 million to Rp . 250.000 , -<br />
>Rp 500 million s / d Rp 1 M USD. 350.000 , -<br />
> Rp1 M s / d Rp 3 M USD. 750.000 , -<br />
> Rp.3 M s / d Rp 10 M USD. 2.000.000 , -<br />
> Rp.10 M s / d Rp.25 M Rp . 2.500.000 , -<br />
> Rp.25 M s / d Rp 50 M USD. 7.500.000 , -</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-76201602719651234312013-11-27T22:01:00.000-08:002013-11-27T22:01:01.133-08:00Draft of Business Proposal.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Name<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Laili Hidayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Class<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 4 TPHP 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NIS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 7134</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Draft of Business Proposal</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is
the Business proposal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answer…..</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Business proposal is the media to
describe the business profile will be developed by an entrepreneur .The
important thing for entrepreneurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is to
describe the profile of business or business to be developed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore, every aspect of the business
proposal must be explained as well as possible .Business proposal is a written
document that describes all the elements, both internally and externally about
the new venture .Through the business proposal , entrepreneurship can be
expressed confidence in the ability of a business to sell goods or services to
generate satisfactory profits and attractive to funders .Bussiness plan prepared
for the legitimacy of a business to be run . Another notion states that
bussiness plan is a selling document that reveals the attractiveness and
expectations of a business to potential funders .To obtain capital loan , then
an entrepreneur must make a business plan or business proposal which contains
detailed information about the business that is being or will be implemented ,
as well as the amount of capital required</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the
advantages of business<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>proposal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answer…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In general, the proposal consists of
business goals and strategies . Goals are the things that the company wants to
achieve , while the strategy is the direction and actions to achieve business
objectives .<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Business proposal has significance
for prospective entrepreneurs entrepreneurship as a statement as the owner and
holder of the initiative in opening a business . In addition , business
proposal works as follows :<br />
1 . Representation of knowledge and mastery of the field of entrepreneurship
that will be executed .<br />
2 . Approximate form of business prospects .<br />
3 . Benchmark and guide the implementation of activities .<br />
<br />
The benefits of an entrepreneurial effort in preparing the report include :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Provide an overview of the other
party about the company profile .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inviting potential people to join
and work together .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The opportunity to develop the
business .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regulate the formation of mutually
beneficial cooperation with other companies , as well as get potential broader
business relationships .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Help entrepreneurs understand the
competition in economics and financial analysis .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can obtain equity or loan capital
from investors , banks and other potential parties .<br />
Clarify the sources of funding for business management business proposal to :<br />
a. Provide a preliminary picture of the company's managerial ability ;<br />
b . Identify critical risks at key moments ( it is easier to take steps to
anticipate ) ;<br />
c . Providing market information and forecasts of potential market share that
may be achieved ;<br />
d . Provide information about the financial resources ;<br />
e . Gives an overview of the entrepreneurial ability to meet its obligations .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to prepare before you make a
business proposal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answer..</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Before we make business we must prepare :</span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
<span class="hps">Specify</span> <span class="hps">the desired</span> <span class="hps">type of business</span><br />
<span class="hps">2</span>. <span class="hps">Specify</span> <span class="hps">aspects
of the product</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">be made</span><br />
<span class="hps">3</span>. <span class="hps">Specify</span> <span class="hps">aspects
of</span> <span class="hps">product marketing</span><br />
<span class="hps">4</span>. <span class="hps">Establish</span> <span class="hps">the
technical</span> <span class="hps">aspects of</span> <span class="hps">product</span>
<span class="hps">distribution</span><br />
<span class="hps">5</span>. <span class="hps">Establish</span> <span class="hps">organizational</span>
<span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">management</span> <span class="hps">aspects</span><br />
<span class="hps">6</span>. <span class="hps">Establish</span> <span class="hps">juridical</span>
<span class="hps">aspects</span><br />
<span class="hps">7</span>. <span class="hps">Carry out the</span> <span class="hps">administrative</span>
<span class="hps">aspects</span><br />
<span class="hps">8</span>. <span class="hps">Knowing the</span> <span class="hps">aspects
of</span> <span class="hps">financial resources</span><br />
<span class="hps">9</span>. <span class="hps">Studying</span> <span class="hps">aspects
of</span> <span class="hps">government policy</span><br />
<span class="hps">10</span>. <span class="hps">Studying</span> <span class="hps">aspects
of</span> <span class="hps"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>AMDAL</span></span></div>
<ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to
make a business proposal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answer…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first thing to do when making a
business proposal was the introduction, in the chapter we can explain a little
neighbor objectives and background , to short description that describes the
efforts that we will create . After that go to the next stage of the company's
profile , which contains in its type of business , name of companies to conduct
, as well as the business location . Then the detailed description of the
Organizational Structure of the Company , but if it will build the business for
the individual chapters can be omitted in the proposal .<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The next chapter is a detailed
description of the company products like Type Items will be sold , Creation /
Production Products , until Advantages of products we have . After that headed
for the detailed explanation Target Market section , followed by the Promotion
and Marketing Strategy we will do . And the next part is crucial chapter is the
chapter on Financial Statements , whereby we must be very clear and detailed in
informing Allocation Fund , Profit , Revenue to the intentional with investors
.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then at the end of the proposal
provide a chapter cover , then some Attachments Complete Biography Business
Owners as well as a Letter of Agreement which if the investor approves the
proposal . Similarly, of the above are a few things to consider in how to make
the right business proposal and polite , I hope the above reviews can be useful
and helpful to you all in making a proposal for submission of operating funds .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/iyansudrajat/menyusun-proposal-usaha-tm2"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.slideshare.net/iyansudrajat/menyusun-proposal-usaha-tm2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://ekonomi.kompasiana.com/wirausaha/2012/06/12/penyusunan-proposal-bisnis-469152.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://ekonomi.kompasiana.com/wirausaha/2012/06/12/penyusunan-proposal-bisnis-469152.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.pojokpedia.com/mengenal-dan-pengertian-proposal-usaha/846/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.pojokpedia.com/mengenal-dan-pengertian-proposal-usaha/846/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.tipskita.com/2013/09/cara-membuat-proposal-usaha.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.tipskita.com/2013/09/cara-membuat-proposal-usaha.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-76255539212030895962013-11-27T21:58:00.004-08:002013-11-27T21:59:23.647-08:00The appropriate enterprise<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the appropriate enterpris</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
1.What the base of choosing the appropriate enterprise ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> answer : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by looking at market opportunities, which opportunities you
can do well and that we like<br />
so we would like our own business so that any obstacles that block, with a
basic sense of love will surely keep bisbis we face and that we live<br />
<br />
2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How to choose
the appropriate enterprise ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">answer : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">how to choose the right company in my opinion is to see or
analyze whether the company has the opportunity to continue to advance and
developing then another reason is to analyze whether the company we choose will
generate a lot of profit or loss, other than that we also have to see if this
company produces consumer products that are always needed (will always have
consumers) that will maintain the company's existence<br />
<br />
<br />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.What the tips
to open the new business ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">answer : don't
be afraid to failed<br />
<br />
<br />
4.Explain some guide to choose the right business !<br />
<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Do what you love . It is important
to choose a business that you enjoy to run . I can not give much emphasis on
this point . Many people start a business for the wrong reason : to get rich .
It is true that many millionaires in this country who get a fortune from his
own business , which should not be your sole motivation for starting a business
. If you do not enjoy what you do , you will not be successful , at least from
a mental standpoint . Indeed , the monetary rewards are a wonderful thing , but
the mental burden of doing business that can not be enjoyed is a very high
price to be paid . I often talk with the entrepreneurs whose business is
successful , but not happy because they make themselves sick . If you do not
enjoy what you do , the effort will be a burden , not a joy .<br />
<br />
b. Do not reinvent the wheel , just make it better . Many new entrepreneurs who
think they should come with a new business idea to be successful . This is not
entirely true . Most successful businesses are born from innovation , but it needs
. Instead of trying to present an idea that could change the world , look
around you and see where there is a void that needs filling or a business
concept that needs improvement .<br />
<br />
Many successful businesses are conducted with established business concept and
make it better . Domino's Pizza is not the only one that offers a home delivery
, but the only one that guarantees pizza delivered piping hot to your door in
30 minutes or less . Amazon.com is not the first company to sell a book , but
one of the first to provide the convenience of buying books from home , even
though you 're relaxing at home .<br />
<br />
c. Focus on a niche . Many businesses have failed because of trying too many
things . The ability to provide thousands of products under one roof according
to Wal - Mart , but not for most new businesses . Try to identify a niche that
you like and think to start a business from there . If you love to work
outdoors , consider starting a landscaping business . If you enjoy working with
numbers , consider working as an accountant . Focus on a niche and become an
expert in his field .<br />
<br />
d. Consider the franchise option . Many new entrepreneurs consider buying a
franchise rather than starting a business from scratch . Franchise is a good
step to go through the process because they are working hard for you . They
already have a proven business model , guidelines for running the business,
spent millions of dollars to build a brand and so on . Buying a franchise is
big with a process that is not simple . The best advice I can give is to
thoroughly investigate the franchisor and the opportunity, use a lawyer to do
the deal and read the franchise agreement .<br />
<br />
e.. Find out what sets you apart from competitors . If the business is already
filled with a lot of other companies that do the same thing as you want ,
chances are you will fail in the face of established competition . To succeed
in the fierce competition , you have to do something that stands out . If you
can not quickly and easily differentiate yourself from competitors that big ,
you better choose other businesses .<br />
<br />
f. Most importantly , take your time . Consider part time while you are still
working (and income ) to fall back on . Talking to friends and colleagues who
use the products or services would you give to see if they could become your
customers .<br />
</span><a href="http://www.enterpreneur.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">www.enterpreneur.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demikian saya sampaikan terima kasih,<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laili
Hidayah</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-67363911492890022292013-11-27T21:57:00.001-08:002013-11-27T21:57:19.955-08:00GOAL SETTING<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Laili Hidayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">KELAS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">4TPHP3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NIS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">7134</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">GOAL SETTING</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
the advantages goal setting for the student ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Explain
your goal setting for the future?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How
do you prepare to get it ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What’s
the handycaps to get it? </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How
to solf that handycaps?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Answer:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A. What the advantages goal setting for
the student ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="IN">T</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">o</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">know the
direction</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">and purpose of</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">our</span></span><span class="shorttext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">business</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">you aware of me
weaknesses so you can begin to improve them and make</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">we can make a good
system our business</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>we can check the progress of our business.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Give me a sense of past
victories of goals accomplished and motivation to succeed in current goals</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Help me to visualize and plan actions to achieve what you want then carry
it out</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Makes i’m responsible
for i’m own success or failures</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Make me aware of your own strengths Improve your Goal Setting self-image</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.Explain your goal setting for the
future?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first I will to begin my little business, maybe I will
make some food for all costumer for children until old may be just snack and
can application in cuisine or food ready to eat for the children, moreover I
can open shop for healt food and the most planning is I can open building shop
because I believe in future very much the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>people building so I can provide the material for that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> How do you
prepare to get it </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Set and write the goals down</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Look at the goals everyday</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Identify obstacles that will hinder the achievement of the goal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Create an action plan to reach the goal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prioritize goals</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Always search new idea</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What’s the
handycaps to get it </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">no funds to finance all activities take my goals</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">always hesitate in taking a decision due to the high risk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">inability to deal with problems that may arise</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">the competitors who will hinder me in achieving a goal, so it will be
difficult to achieve especially economically insufficient and also in science</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">prepare
capital and mentally strong enough to start a business</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">make
decisions wisely and always please be careful</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">make
fish bone diagram that is difficult to deal with a case problem</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>healthy competition to the other party, even
though we do not know what they would do to us</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Never ending to
study with our relation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-26660524530133298452013-11-27T21:56:00.002-08:002013-11-27T21:56:38.801-08:00Colecting Data<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Colecting Data</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. What’s
the advantages data for prepare the new business ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The advantages data is to obtain information to
keep on record, to make decisions about important issues, to pass information
on to others. Primarily, data is collected to provide information regarding a
specific topic. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. What
kinds of data do you need for your business ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kinds of data that I
need for my business is too much. Start from receive raw material until the
finish good ready for distributed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. How to
collect the data ? </span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Surveys/questionaires (post, email, telephone, face-to-face)
either created within your organisation or adapted from Diagnostic tests or
pre-made scales 1 </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interviews – structured or unstructured – either administered
by telephone or faceto-face. • Focus groups. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Observation (participant observation, outside/structured
usually helps). • People’s expressions (diaries, journals, portfolios). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Case studies. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Observation</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Portfolio reviews</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Testimonial</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Photographs, videotapes, slides </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diaries, journals, logs </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Document review and analysis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Photographs, videotapes, slides </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Document review and analysis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. How to
apply your data ? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Our data
we can apply to compare when we start our new business. That’s true or not with
the realize</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-70993700465944291242013-11-27T21:55:00.000-08:002013-11-27T21:55:01.810-08:00Adimistrasi Tempat Kerja<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="NL" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tugas</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> KD-2</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Nama <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Laili Hidayah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Kelas <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 4TPHP3</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Lucida Calligraphy"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">NO.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
7134</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Black","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Adimistrasi
Tempat Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Daftar i</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">nventarisasi dokumen yang diperlukan untuk menjamin keefektifan kinerja
departemen, meliputi :</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen pengadaan bahan baku</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen kebutuhan bahan bahu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen supplier bahan baku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen penerimaan barang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen pemeriksaan barang datang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen penyimpanan bahan baku</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen proses produksi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen jadwal produksi tiap hari</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen jumlah produksi tiap proses</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen pengambilan bahan dari gudang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen produk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Release</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> QC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen gudang produk jadi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen daftar produk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Release</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> QC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen jumlah produk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen produk keluar-masuk gudang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen penahanan produk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (HOLD PRODUCT)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen marketing</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen tujuan marketing</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen kebutuhan pasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen nama agen penerima</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (PO)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen QC</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen produk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Release</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> QC</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Referance</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen standard produk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen penyimpanan sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen analisa keamanan produk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen perawatan fasilitas</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen inventaris alat dan fasilitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen kalibrasi alat alat dan mesin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen perawatan alat dan mesin berkala</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen pemeliharaan lingkungan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen TPA</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen jadwal pemberantasan serangga rutin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen instalasi pengolahan limbah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen pengembangan SDM</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen data karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen jadwal Medical Check Up karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen jadwal seminar dan pelatihan tenaga kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen sertifikasi karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen penilaian kinerja pesonel</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen lokasi kerja karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen hasil kerja karyawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dokumen kemajuan kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">K</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">lasifikasi dokumen dan
identifikasi yang diberikan untuk menjamin kemudahan dalam mengakses dokumen</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 111px; left: 0px; margin-left: 112px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 366px; z-index: 251657216;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 72.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 72.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 72.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 72.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">09</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Menunjukkan bahwa dokumen berada pada kolom </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">0</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Menunjukkan bahwa dokumen berada di rak 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Menunjukkan bahwa dokuman berada di baris ke-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 78px; left: 0px; margin-left: 80px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 534px; z-index: 251658240;"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 72.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 44.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BKS 13</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 44.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">255A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 44.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B05-13</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 44.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BKS<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menunjukkan tempat produksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menunjukkan tahun produksi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">254<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menunjukkan saat poduksi jatuh pada hari ke 254 dari bulan
januari 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menunjukkan Shift kerja yang memproduksi yaitu Shift </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ( </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">= shift </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">; C= shift 3 )</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">05<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menunjukkan nomor batch sekali produksi</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-size: 72.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-13<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menunjukkan settingan mesin yang digunakan</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-66905824553882881662013-11-27T21:40:00.002-08:002013-11-27T21:40:29.232-08:00PILOT PLANT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">TUGAS PILOT PLAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Prinsip pembuatan skala.</div>
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Memperhatikan criteria untuk menentukan ukuran dan bentuk pilot plant
dengan memperhatikan prinsip kesamaan yang diformulasikan oleh Newton. Misalnya dalam
menangani cairan maka kita perlu memperhatikan kesamaan geometric, Kinetik, dan
Dinamik. Sedangkan misalnya menyangkut reaksi kimia dan biokimia maka
memperhatikan kesamaan kimia dan biokimia.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Pembuatan ukuran minimal dan maksimal</div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;">Pembuatan ukuran minimal</li>
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Umumnya ukuran minimal diambil dari jumlah produk
minimal yang dibutuhkan untuk analisa pengontrolan kualitas. Contohnya, apabila
tujuan percobaan pilot plant untuk mempelajari pengaruh kondisi proses pada
kualitas produk, maka jumlah minimal produk yang diproses pada pilot plant
sebaiknya memenuhi jumlah sample yang digunakan untuk analisis fisik dan kimia
untuk penentuan kualitas produk. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
b. Pembuatan ukuran maksimal</div>
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Pembuatan ukuran maksimal dari pilot plant ditentukan
dari jumlah kebutuhan produk yang diproses untuk pengujian penerimaan pasar
terhadap produk yang akan diproduksi</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Proses scale up</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pertama,
mendefinisikan proses yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat produk. Salah satu
perangkat yang berguna dalam hal ini adalah pengembangan diagram aliran proses.
Diagram ini menunjukkan laju produksi yang diinginkan dan materi yang
dibutuhkan pada setiap tahapan proses. Kebutuhan peralatan ditunjukkan secara
skematis pada diagram yang berguna bagi para ahli teknik dalam menghitung biaya
dan menyeleksi serta mengukur peralatan untuk proses. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kedua,
memecahkan masalah yang masih terdapat dalam proses peningkatan skala.
Kebutuhan ini memerlukan uji coba terhadap peralatan penting di dalam
laboratorium pilot plant. Berdasarkan proses dan tingkat produksi yang
diinginkan, scale-up merupakan proses yang cukup sulit untuk diaplikasikan.
Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan percobaan-percobaan yang bersifat kontinyu.
Percoban-percobaan ini dibutuhkan untuk menentukan parameter optimum untuk
skala besar dan untuk menentukan desain peralatan yang dimodifikasi. Selain
itu, percobaan juga dilakukan karena di dalam produk pangan sendiri terdapat
interaksi kimia dan fisik yang bersifat kompleks. Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan
dasar tentang interaksi kimia fisik diantara komponen produk penting untuk
dipahami. Apabila tidak diperhatikan sifat kimia dan fisik, kemungkinan besar akan
terjadi kerusakan produk terutama pada formulasi yang digunakan. Beberapa
peralatan akan membantu dalam penentuan ukuran dan ciri-ciri peralatan yang
dibutuhkan atau spesifikasi alat yang akan menjadi referensi untuk pembelian
alat</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam
scale up, perlu adanya pengembangan produk dan servis yang terintegrasi.
Diantaranya yaitu pengembangan produk (sumber dan formulasinya), menguji unit
operasi, mengembangkan kinerja dari spesifikasi alat, dan menentukan titik
kritis proses. Produk pangan yang ditingkatkan skalanya akan mempunyai
karakteristik yang berbeda dengan produk aslinya. Hal ini disebabkan karena
adanya perbedaan rasa, tekstur, aroma dan penampakan visual. Proses skala besar
tidak akan menghasilkan produk yang identik dengan produk aslinya, akan tetapi
menghasilkan produk yang menyerupai produk aslinya. </span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses
Scale up juga membutuhkan kekuatan analisis dalam menentukan langkah-langkah
yang akan dilakukan. Beberapa analisis tersebut diantaranya analisis terhadap
kondisi operasi, kondisi desain dan proses optimum. Metode untuk melakukan
proses peralihan akan dikembangkan dan diujicobakan sebagai kerja praktek. Data
dan info-info yang berhubungan lainnya akan berguna untuk ketelitian proses
yang dilakukan dalam skala pilot plant. </span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-52804304658266688602013-10-10T21:38:00.000-07:002013-10-10T21:38:22.273-07:00Analisa SWOT dalam bisnis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SWOT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Analysi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is
SWOT Analysis ?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the
elements of SWOT Analysis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the
benefit we use the SWOT Analysis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the
simple rules for SWOT Analysis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What the
limitation of SWOT Analysis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Answer :</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SWOT Analysis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SWOT Analysis is a planning strategy
to understanding what our business Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Treat.
Utilize our strength to handle our weakness and utilize our strength to get
opportunity and utilize our strength to make strategy to finish what the threat
we get.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SWOT Analysis is a simple but useful framework for analyzing
your organization's strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats
that you face. It helps you focus on your strengths, minimize threats, and take
the greatest possible advantage of opportunities available to you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SWOT Analysis can be used to "kick off" strategy
formulation, or in a more sophisticated way as a serious strategy tool. You can
also use it to get an understanding of your competitors, which can give you the
insights you need to craft a coherent and successful competitive position.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 38.6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The element of SWOT Analysis are </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strengths:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What advantages does your organization have?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What do you do better than anyone else?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What unique or lowest-cost resources can you draw upon
that others can't?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What do people in your market see as your strengths?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What factors mean that you "get the sale"?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is your <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">organization's </span></span><a href="http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_11.htm"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Unique Selling Proposition</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (USP)?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Weaknesses:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What could you improve?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What should you avoid?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What are people in your market likely to see as
weaknesses?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What factors lose you sales?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Opportunities:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What good opportunities can you spot?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What interesting trends are you aware of?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Threats</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
obstacles do you face?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
are your competitors doing?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Are
quality standards or specifications for your job, products or services
changing?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Is changing technology threatening your position?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Do you have bad debt or cash-flow problems?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Could any of your weaknesses seriously threaten your
business?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Strength and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Weakness<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the <b>internal</b> environment - the situation <b>inside </b>the
company or organization</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Opportunity and
Threats the <b>external</b> environment - the situation <b>outside </b>the
company or organization</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span>Benefits of SWOT Analysis<br />
<br />
The main advantages of conducting a SWOT analysis is that it has little or no
cost - anyone who understands your business can perform a SWOT analysis. You
can also use a SWOT analysis when you don't have much time to address a complex
situation. This means that you can take steps towards improving your business
without the expense of an external consultant <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">or </span><a href="http://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/starting/starting-a-business/working-business-advisers"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">business adviser</span></a>.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 21.3pt;">
Another advantage of a SWOT analysis is that it
concentrates on the most important factors affecting your business. Using a
SWOT, you can:</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">understand your business
better</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">address weaknesses</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">deter threats</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">capitalys <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on opportunities</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">take advantage of your
strengths</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">develop business goals and
strategies for achieving them</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The simple rule of SWOT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The post offers simple rules for a
successful SWOT analysis:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your
organization</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Distinguish between where your organization is today
and where it could be in the future</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Be specific. Avoid gray areas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Always analyze in relation to your competition and
whether you are better or worse</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keep your SWOT short and simple; avoid unnecessary
complexity and over analysis</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t list an opportunity if the same opportunity is
available to competitors</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Don’t list a strength if your competitors also has it.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Limitation of SWOT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When you are conducting a SWOT analysis, you should keep in
mind that it is only one stage of the business planning process. For complex
issues, you will usually need to conduct more in-depth research and analysis to
make decisions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keep
in mind that a SWOT analysis only covers issues that can definitely be
considered a strength, weakness, opportunity or threat. Because of this, it's
difficult to address uncertain or two-sided factors, such as factors that could
either be a strength or a weakness or both, with a SWOT analysis (e.g. you
might have a prominent location, but the lease may be expensive).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
SWOT analysis may be limited because it:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">doesn't prioritise issues</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">doesn't provide solutions or offer alternative
decisions</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">can generate too many ideas but not help you choose
which one is best</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">can produce a lot of information, but not all of it is
useful.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_05.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="http://www.baldrige.com/criteria_strategicplanning/7-rules-for-an-effective-swot-analysis/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.baldrige.com/criteria_strategicplanning/7-rules-for-an-effective-swot-analysis/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 38.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<a href="http://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/starting/market-customer-research/swot-analysis/benefits-limitations-swot-analysis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/starting/market-customer-research/swot-analysis/benefits-limitations-swot-analysis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-75999134778442708502013-06-19T18:19:00.000-07:002013-06-19T18:19:26.309-07:00CARA MEMBUAT TAHU<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Cara Memproduksi Tahu - Mesin Pembuat Tahu - Resep Tahu </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tahu adalah makanan yang dibuat dari kacang kedelai yang
difermentasikan dan diambil sarinya. Berbeda dengan tempe yang asli dari
Indonesia, tahu berasal dari Cina, seperti halnya kecap, tauco, bakpau, dan
bakso. Tahu adalah kata serapan dari bahasa Hokkian (tauhu) (Hanzi: <span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">豆腐</span>,
hanyu pinyin: doufu) yang secara harfiah berarti "kedelai yang
difermentasi".</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tahu pertama kali muncul di Tiongkok sejak zaman Dinasti Han
sekitar 2200 tahun lalu. Penemunya adalah Liu An (Hanzi: <span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho";">劉安</span>)
yang merupakan seorang bangsawan, cucu dari Kaisar Han Gaozu, Liu Bang yang
mendirikan Dinasti Han. Di Jepang dikenal dengan nama tofu. Dibawa para
perantau China, makanan ini menyebar ke Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara, lalu juga
akhirnya ke seluruh dunia.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sebagaimana tempe, tahu dikenal sebagai makanan rakyat.
Beraneka ragam jenis tahu yang ada di Indonesia umumnya dikenal dengan tempat
pembuatannya, misalnya tahu Sumedang dan tahu Kediri. Aneka makanan dari tahu
antara lain tahu bacem, tahu bakso, tahu isi (tahu bunting), tahu campur,
perkedel tahu, kerupuk tahu, dan lain-lain.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cara Membuat Tahu - Tofu </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1.Kedelai ditampi untuk dipilih biji yang besar.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2.Kedelai dicuci, lalu direndam dalam air besar selama enam
jam.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3.Kedelai dicuci lagi selama setengah jam.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4.Kedelai disosoh dan dipecah menggunakan MESIN PEMECAH
KEDELAI </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5.Kemudian digiling sampai halus, menggunakan MESIN GILING
KEDELAI PISAH AMPAS, dan susu kedele mengalir ke dalam tong penampung. </div>
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6.Susu kedelai langsung direbus sampai mendidih di dalam
mesin pemasak berukuran besar.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7.Susu kedelai lalu dipindahkan dari wajan ke bak atau tong
untuk disaring dengan kain belacu atau kain mori kasar yang telah diletakkan
pada sangkar bambu. Agar semua sari dalam susu kedelai tersaring semua, pada
kain itu diletakkan sebuah papan kayu dan seseorang naik di atasnya dan
menggoyang-goyangnya. Limbah penyaringan, yang disebut ampas tahu, diperas lagi
dengan menyiram air dingin, sampai tidak mengandung sari lagi. Penyaringan
dilakukan berkali-kali hingga bubur kedelai habis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8.Air saringan yang tertampung dalam tong warna kuning atau
putih dicampur dengan asam cuka agar menggumpal. Selain asam cuka, dapat juga
ditambahkan air kelapa, atau cairan whey (air sari tahu bila tahu telah
menggumpal) yang telah dieramkan, atau bubuk batu tahu (sulfat kapur).</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9.Air asam dipisahkan dari gumpalan atau jonjot putih dan
disimpan, sebab masih dapat digunakan lagi. Gumpalan atau jonjot tahu yang
mulai mengendap dituangkan dalam CETAKAN TAHU DARI KAYU dan dialasi kain
belacu. Adonan tahu kotak dikempa selama satu menit, sehingga air yang masih
tercampur dalam adonan tahu itu terperas habis. Adonan tahu berbentuk kotak
yang sudah padat dipotong-potong, misalnya dengan ukuran 6 x 4 cm2. Tahu pun
siap dijual.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
TRISTAR MACHINERY</div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-57211540355934447452013-06-19T18:04:00.000-07:002013-06-19T18:04:08.693-07:00UJI HEDONIK<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Laili Hidayah</span></span></div>
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<span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 3 TPHP 3</span></span></div>
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<span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">No.<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 24</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak produk baru yang memiliki kesamaan sifat dengan
produk </span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang sudah dikenal.
Kadang-kadang diantara produk tersebut ingin diketahui<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">mana yang lebih disukai oleh konsumen. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> pengujian penerimaan konsumen (preference
test). Yang termasuk ke dalam uji penerimaan adalah uji kesukaan (hedonik). </span></span></span></div>
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<span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji penerimaan menyangkut</span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> p</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">en</span></span><span class="l9"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">il</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ai</span></span><span class="l7"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an si</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fat atau ku</span></span><span class="l9"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">al</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">itas s</span></span><span class="l6"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ua</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tu ba</span></span><span class="l9"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ha</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">n yang meny</span></span><span class="l9"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ebab</span></span><span class="l8"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kan oran</span></span><span class="l9"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 3.0pt; line-height: 115%;">g</span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 115%;">menyenanginya. Uji penerimaan tidak dapat untuk
meramalkan penerimaan</span></span><span class="a"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam pemasaran.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji penerimaan
menyangkut penilaian sifat atau kualitas suatu bahanyang menyebabkan orang
menyenanginya. Uji penerimaan tidak dapat untuk meramalkan penerimaan dalam
pemasaran. Jadi apabila sudah diperoleh hasil pengujian yang meyakinkan , tidak
dapat dipastikan bahwa produk akan lakukeras di pasaran, sehingga harus
digunakan pengujian yang lain dalam tindak lanjutnya, misalnya uji konsumen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam uji hedonik
panelis dimintakan tanggapan pribadinya tentangkesukaan atau sebaliknya
ketidaksukaan. Di samping panelis mengemukakantanggapan senang, suka atau
kebalikannya, mereka juga mengemukakantingkat kesukaannya. Tingkat-tingkat
kesukaan ini disebut skala hedonik.Dalam penganalisisan, skala hedonik
ditransformasi menjadi skalanumerik dengan angka menaik menurut tingkat
kesukaan. Dengan datanumerik ini dapat dilakukan analisis statistik. Dengan
adanya skala hedonik ini sebenarnya uji hedonik secara tidak langsung juga
dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan. Karena hal ini, maka uji hedonik
paling seringdigunakan untuk menilai komoditi sejenis atau pengembangan produk
secaraorganoleptik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uji kesukaan juga
disebut uji hedonik. Panelis dimintakan tanggapan pribadinya tentang kesukaan
atau sebaliknya (ketidaksukaan). Disamping panelis mengemukakan tanggapan
senang, suka atau kebalikannya, mereka juga mengemukakan tingkat kesukaannya.
Tingkat – tingkat kesukaan ini disebut skala hedonik. Misalnya dalam hal “ suka
“ dapat mempunyai skala hedonik seperti : amat sangat suka, sangat suka, suka,
agak suka. Sebaliknya jika tanggapan itu “ tidak suka “ dapat mempunyai skala
hedonik seperti suka dan agak suka, terdapat tanggapannya yang disebut sebagai
netral, yaitu bukan suka tetapi juga bukan tidak suka ( neither like nor dislike
).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Skala hedonik dapat
direntangkan atau diciutkan menurut rentangan skala yang ikehendakinya. Skala
hedonik dapat juga diubah menjadi skala numerik dengan angka mutu menurut
tingkat kesukaan. Dengan data numeric ini dapat dilakukan analisis secara statistik.
Penggunaan skala hedonik pada prakteknya dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui
perbedaan. Sehingga uji hedonic sering digunakan untuk menilai secara
organoleptik terhadap komoditas sejenis atau produk pengembangan. Uji hedonik
banyak digunakan untuk menilai produk akhir.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organisasi
Pengujian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jumlah Panelis,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agak
Terlatih : 20 – 25 Orang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak
Terlatih : 80 Orang keatas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jumlah contoh setiap penyajian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contoh yang sulit dinilai : 1 – 6
contoh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contoh yang mudah dinilai : 1 – 12 contoh</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara
Penyajian Contoh</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh uji hedonik
disajikan secara acak dan dalam memberikan penilaian panelis tidak
mengulang-ulang penilaian atau membanding-mbandingkan contoh yang disajikan.
Sehingga untuk satu panelis yang tidak terlatih, sebaiknya contoh disajikan
satu per satu hingga panelis tidak akan membanding-bandingkan satu contoh
dengan lainnya. Sebagai contoh dapat disajikan 3 jenis teh kotak dari 3 macam
merek. Cara penyajian contoh dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.1 berikut ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021447286623886070" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="233" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\COM_\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="438" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar 4.1 Cara penyajian
contoh uji hedonic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="343" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\COM_\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="396" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="475" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\COM_\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="538" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar Pustaka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anonim.2012.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uji Organoleptik.</i>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ujiorganolepti</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dena.2011.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uji organoleptik.http://</i>rapka.uji
kesukaan-uji-hedonik.html.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-87875142767175635532013-06-19T18:02:00.000-07:002013-06-19T18:02:05.898-07:00UJI DESKRIPTIF<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Showcard Gothic"; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-shadow: auto; text-transform: uppercase;">Uji Deskriptif</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji
deskriptif digunakan untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang utuh tentang karakteristik
suatu produk. Oleh sebab itu, pada uji ini banyak sifat sensorik yang dinilai
dan dianalisis secara keseluruhan. Sifat-sifat sensorik yang dipilih adalah
terutama yang paling relevan terhadap mutu atau yang paling peka terhadap
perubahan mutu suatu komoditi. Sifat-sifat mutu sensorik ini disebut atribut
mutu. Misalnya ketengikan, warna, bau dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji
deskripsi didesain untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengukur sifat-sifat sensori.
Dalam kelompok pengujian ini dimasukkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rating&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rating (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rating</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atribut </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutu" title="Mutu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mutu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dimana suatu atribut mutu dikategorikan dengan suatu kategori </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala" title="Skala"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">skala</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (suatu uraian yang menggambarkan intensitas dari suatu
atribut mutu) atau dapat juga besarnya suatu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atribut&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Atribut (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atribut</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mutu diperkirakan berdasarkan salah satu sampel, dengan
menggunakan metode skala rasio. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji
deskriptif merupakan uji yang membutuhkan keahlian khusus dalam penilaiannya
karena dalam uji ini panelis harus dapat menjelaskan perbedaan antara
produk-produk yang diuji. Untuk melakukan uji ini, dibutuhkan penguji yang
terlatih. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji
deskriptif terdiri atas Uji Pemberian skor atau pemberian skala. Kedua uji ini
dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan skala atau skor yang dihubungkan dengan
deskripsi tertentu dari atribut mutu produk. Dalam sistem pemberian skor, angka
digunakan untuk menilai intensitas produk dengan susunan meningkat atau menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organisasi Panelis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Agak terlatih : 15-25 orang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terlatih : 5-10 orang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parameter Pengujian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada
umumnya, dalam uji Deskriptif terdapat 16 parameter uji. Namun tidak semua
sampel diuji dengan keenambelas parameter yang ada, penggunaan parameter ini
disesuaikan dengan karakteristik sampel yang diuji. Penempatan parameter pada
uji deskriptif dimulai dari karakteristik yang paling dominan menuju
karakteristik tidak terlalu dominan. Karakteristik-krakteristik tersebut
kemudian disusun dengan menggunakan jarring laba-laba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Penyajian Sampel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampel
disajikan dalam wadah atau cawan. Sampel yang disajikan bisa terdiri dari satu
sampel untuk dinilai karakteristiknya atau dua sampel yang berbeda macam namun
dari jenis yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Penilaian</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panelis
diminta untuk mencicip dan menguji karakteristik sampel dengan member nilai
antara 1-10 kemudian menuliskannya kedalam kartu uji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara Analisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis
uji deskriptif adalah dengan menggunakan skala skor. Skor yang digunakan
kemudian dihubungkan dengan deskripsi dari atribut mutu. Dalam system pemberian
skor, angka digunakan untuk menilai ntensitas produk dengan satuan meningkat
atau menurun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber
: anonym.2013.UjiDeskriptif.http://Wikipedia.org</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-61957170357896825402013-06-19T18:00:00.001-07:002013-06-19T18:00:08.210-07:00Laporan Hasil Survai Home Industri Kripik jamur “TEACING FICTORY JAVA JAMUR”<!--[if !mso]>
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<![endif]-->Laporan Hasil Survai Home Industri Kripik jamur “TEACING FICTORY JAVA JAMUR”<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sBY9i9kSYio/UcJT8aJFCVI/AAAAAAAAAVc/l_Pv0dehR88/s1600/Stemba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sBY9i9kSYio/UcJT8aJFCVI/AAAAAAAAAVc/l_Pv0dehR88/s1600/Stemba.jpg" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR BERKLEY"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disusun oleh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "AR CENA"; mso-fareast-font-family: "AR CENA";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR BERKLEY"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ahmad Salis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "AR CENA"; mso-fareast-font-family: "AR CENA";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR BERKLEY"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laili Hidayah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR CENA"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "AR CENA"; mso-fareast-font-family: "AR CENA";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR BERKLEY"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zia Akhsan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "AR BERKLEY"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3TPHP3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 216.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN
TEMANGGUNG</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DINAS PENDIDIKAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">SMK N1 (STM
EMBANGUNAN) TEMANGGUNG</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jl. Kadar-Maron,
Kotak Pos 104. Telp/Fax (0293) 4901639</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Temanggug 56221</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“TEACING
FACTORY JAVA JANUR”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nama
perusahaan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">TEACING FACTORY JAVA JANUR”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nama pemilik
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Bp. Widodo dan M.
Ikhsan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 5.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kerja sama dengan SMK N 1 (STM) Pembangunan
Temanggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alamat <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jl.
Kadar maron, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sidorejo Temanggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sejarah : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada awalnya belum
dipikirkan akan menjadi kripik jamur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada
tahun 2000 TEACING FACTORY JAVA JANUR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dapat memproduksi 300kg/hari. Yang nantinya akan diampu dan dipasarkan.
Hal tersebut dijanjikan oleh penyalur brang kepasar. Namun setelah berjalan
cukup lama, jamur tidak dapat disalurkan. Karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jamur tidak dapat disalurkan ke pasar karena
ada masalah dan sifat jamur yang tidak dapat tahan lama, maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jamur tersebut oleh pemiliknya diolah dahulu
menjadi kripk supaya bisa tahan lama. Pemilik mencoba dari nol untuk membuat
formula bahan yang bisa di terima konsumen, dan jadilah kripik yang sekarang
beredar di konsumen. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cara membuat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perkrcil bahan (Jamur tiram) sesuai ukuran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kemudiann cuci sampai bersih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dikukus </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -4.5pt; position: relative; top: 4.5pt;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\COM_\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="11" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5
menit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lakukan pengepresan untuk menghilangkan air
dalam jamur, hingga kandungan air dalam bahan sedikit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Campur jamur dengan bumbu dan telur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kemudian masukan dalam tepung</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Goreng dengan minyak yang tak terlalu panas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Angkat, dan pisahkan bagian-bagian yang
menempel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Goreng dengan minyak panas</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Angkat dan tiriskan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Masukan dalam spiner untuk menghilangkan
minyak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 70.9pt 5.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lakukan pengemasan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Modal untuk
1 resep <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rp. -</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Harga <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. 100gram kripik jamur Rp 10.000,-
sampai Rp 12.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. 200gram kripik jamur Rp 17.000,- sampai Rp
20.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harga bisa disesuaikan dengan pasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pemasaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Wilayah Temanggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Wilayah Magelang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Wilayah Semarang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cara
memperoleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>modal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Modal diperoleh
dari Bp. Widodo dan M. Ikhsan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 180.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">K<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021447286623886070" name="_GoBack"></a>erja sama dengan SMK N 1 (STM) Pembangunan Temanggung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Surat-surat
yang dimiliki<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> 1.PIRT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.SIUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.HO</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.NPWP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5.TDI dan TDP</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 5.0cm 163.05pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cara
memperoleh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Surat ijin usaha</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">SIUP ( Surat Ijin
Usaha Perdagangan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Syarat dan cara pengurusan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Meminta surat
rujukan dari RT,RW, Kelurahan, Kecamatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Surat rujukan dan
foto copy KTP dan pas foto 3X4 kemudian dibawa ke DEPERINDAG (Dinas
Perindustrian Perindustrian ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 56.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Maka DEPERINDAG akan
mengeluarkan SIUP.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">TDP dan TDI</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Syarat dan cara pengurusan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Meminta surat
rujukan dari RT,RW, Kelurahan, Kecamatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Surat rujukan dan
foto copy KTP dan pas foto 3X4 kemudian dibawa ke DEPERINDAG (Dinas
Perindustrian Perindustrian ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Maka DEPERINDAG akan
mengeluarkan TDP dan TDI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PIRT</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Syarat dan cara pengurusan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Meminta surat
rujukan dari RT,RW, Kelurahan, Kecamatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Surat rujukan dan
foto copy KTP dan pas foto 3X4 kemudian dibawa ke PUSKESMAS</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kemudian pihak
puskesmas akan melkaukan survai terhadap lingkungan, pekerja, bahan yang
digunakan,dll.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Setelah lolos
survai, maka hasil survai dan keterangan lolos survai dibawa ke Departemen
Kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Maka Departemen
kesehatan akan mengeluarkan nomor PIRT untuk produk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Keterangan : Surat-surat sedang dilakukan
proses perpanjangan yang akan jadi pada tanggal 1 Oktober 2012</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-59393018401396582292013-06-19T17:54:00.002-07:002013-06-19T17:54:43.841-07:00problem solving pada analisa PDCA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
PROBLEM SOLVING</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dari data yang kami peroleh kami dapatkan diagram
ishikawadenganmasalah yang mungkintimbulyaitusepertidari :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Karyawan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Produksi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Raw material</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Wadah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Distribusi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lingkungan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Konsumen</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dari berbagaimacammasalah yang dimbuldiperolehhal yang lebihspesifikdarimasalahtersebutdanakan
kami pecahkandengancara brainstorming.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Karyawan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hygenitaskaryawan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Masalah yang timbuladalahadanyakaryawan yang
kurangbersihsehinggamenimbulkankebersihanatauhygenitas yang kurang. Hal
iniakanmembuatprodukolahan yang sedangdiolahmenjaditerkontaminasibakteri yang
adadarikaryawan. Makadariituuntukmengurangimasalahtersebutpunyabeberapasolusi
yang mungkin bias dilakukanuntukmeningkatkanhygenitaskaryawanyaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>karyawanharusmenggunakanperlengkapankerja yang
sesuai</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>adanyawashtaflebagikaryawandankaryawanharusmencucitangansetelahdari
toilet</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>karyawandiberi sterilizer tiapberapa jam selkali</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>loyalitaskaryawan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
maksudnyaadalahadabeberapakaryawan yang
hanyainginmendapatkanbayarantanpamemikirkanbagaimanaproduk yang
dihasilkansehinggaiabekerjadenganseenaknya. Menurut kami hal yang bias
dilakukanadalah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>melakukanpendekatandengankaryawan agar
karyawanmerasadibutuhkandanberperanpentingdalamperusahaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>buatlahkaryawanmerasasenangdenganpekerjaanya</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>berilahkarwaanhiburanataurefresing</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>berilahmotivasipadakaryawan agar
merekasemangatdalambekerja</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>kurangnyapengetahuankaryawan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
banyakkaryawan yang diperolehdari yang
tidakahlisehinggamelakukapekerjaankurangmaksimaldanmelakukankesalahanpadaberbagai
proses produksidanmengakibatkanbahanrusak. Hal yang dapatdilakukanadlahdengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>menyeleksikaryawan yang aknmasuk</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>menempatkankaryawansesuiadengankeahlianya</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>melakukantraiingpadakaryawanbaru</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>mengawasikaryawandanmembinaapabilamendapatikaryawan
yang tidaktahu</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>raw material</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
menurutdiskusi kami adanyaprodukolahansusu
yang berbahayakarenadimulaidaribahandasar yang
kurangbaikdandipaksakanuntuktetapdigunakansehingganakanproduk yang
dihasilkantidaksempurna. Hal inimungkindikarenakanadanyakesalahanpada QC RM
yang kurangdan lain sebagainya.untukmengatasihaltersebutmakaadabeberapahal yang
mungkindapatmemperbaikimasalahtersebutsesuaidenganpokokmasalah yang
dihadapiseperti :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>bahanrusak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
bahan bias sajatelahrusakdariawalsepertipadasusu yang diasilkandarisapi
yang menderita mastitis ,sehingga yang dapatdilakukanadalah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>mencaribahan yang benar-benarmasihsegar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>melakukanpengujiansebelummenerimabahnadasar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>membuatstandar minimal mutubagibahandasar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>tidakmenggunakanbahan yang telahrusak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>terkontaminasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
bahandasartelahtetkontaminasiolehbaktiribaik bias karena proses
pascapanen, pendistribusian, pengangkutan, wadahdll.
Sehinggabahanketikasampaipadatangankita( perusahaan )
telahdalamondisirusak.halyangdapatdilakukanadalah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>memperbaikaiwadah yang digunakan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>perawatanalat yang digunakanpadasaatpanen,
pengangkutan, danpadasaatpendistribusian</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>memastikanbahwaalatdanwadah yang
digunakanbersihdansterilkarenabahansususangatriskanterkontaminasi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>melakuaknperlakuanpendahuluanterlebihdahulusebelum
proses pengolahan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>memastikanbahwasusutelahdisimpanpadasuhudantempat
yang sesuidanbiasanyapadatempatbertemperaturrendah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>wadah</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
wadah yang digunaknabiasanyakurangbersihdanadakemungkinawadah yang
digunakansudah lama
tidakdipakaidandipakaikembalinamuntidakdibersihkanataudisterilaknterlebihdahulu,adajugawadah
yang kurangmemenuhistandarsepertiwadahmenggunakanplastikplastik yang
mudahmigrasi. Beberapahal yang dapatdilakukanadalah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>menggunakanwadah yang berstandar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>wadah yang
digunakanharusdalamkondisibersihdansteril</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>pastikanwadahtidakcacatataurusak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>RM tidakmurni</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Mungkinadabeberapapemasuksusu yang melakukankecuranganyaitudenganmenambahkanberbagaibahan
lain sepertisantan, air danbahan lain. Inibisamengakibatkanrusaknyaprodukakhir
yang kitaolah. Hal yang daptdilakukanadalhdengancara :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melakukan proses pengujianbahandasar (susu)n
sebelummenerimadaripemasokwalaupunkitasudahberlangganannamunbisasajahalituterjadi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Langsungmenolakbahan yang tidakmememnuhistandar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Membuatstandarisasibahnadasarsesuaidengankebutuhanperusahaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Tidakmenggunaknabahandasar yang telahrusak</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Produksi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Masalah yang ditimbulkandari proses
produksisangatberfariasimulaidarialat, proses
danbanyaklagiapalagimengingatbahan yang
diolahsanganriskanterhadapkerusakansehinggaperlakuan yang dilakukanharussesuai.
Beberapahal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yangbiasamenimbulkanmasalahdari proses pengolahanadalah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Peralatan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Masalah yang timbuladalahkarenaperalatan yang
kurangsanitasinya.Produsenkurangbisamemperhatikankebersihan.Hal
inidapatmenimbulkandampak yang
kurangbaikpadaprodukolahan.Untukmengurangimasalahtersebut,
adabeberapalangkah-langkah yang bisadilakukan, yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memilihperalatan yang tepat, untukmengolahprodukapakahperalatantersebut.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Gunakanperalatan yang sesuaidengan SNI</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Selalumenjagakebersihanalat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melakukanperawatanalat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Menggantialat yang sudahtidaksesuaistandar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Proses tidaksesuaiStandar Operational Product
(SOP)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Proses yang tidaksesuaidengan SOP akandapatmengkibatkanproduk yang
dihasilkanrusakkarenamungkindari proses yang seharusnyadilakukan proses
pasteurisasimalahtidan , waktupasteurisasikurangdan lain sebagainya. Langkah
yang dapatdilakuaknadlah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Memberilangkahkerjapadasetianmesinproduksi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Melakukanpengawasanpadatiapbagianproduksi<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=9021447286623886070" name="_GoBack"></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-43233870411888667342013-06-19T17:51:00.001-07:002013-06-19T17:51:27.480-07:00kelemahan dan kelebihan pengujian mutu susu dengan metode MBRT<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kelemahan dan Keuntungan pengujian mutu susu
dengan metode MBRT :</div>
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*Kelemahan :</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>hasil perhitungan tidak menunjukkan jumlah sel
yang sebenarnya karena beberapa sel yang berdekatan mungkin membentuk satu
koloni</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>medium dan kondisi inkubasi yang berbeda mungkin
menghasilkan nilai yang berbeda</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>jasad renik yang ditumbuhkan harus dapat tumbuh
pada medium padat dan membentuk koloni yang nampak dan jelas, tidak menyebar.</div>
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</span></span></span>memerlukan persiapan dan waktu inkubasi relatif
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a. waktu yang
diperlukan lebih efektif dan cepat karena tidak perlu melakukan pembuatan
medium</div>
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b. alat yang
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d. reagen yang digunakan lebih
sederhana</div>
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<a href="http://repository.upi.edu/operator/upload/s_kim_055480_chapter2.pdf"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">http://repository.upi.edu/operator/upload/s_kim_055480_chapter2.pdf</b></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Perbedaan antara bakteri thermofilik dengan
thermodurik</div>
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</span></span></span>Bakteri Thermodurik <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: bakteri yang dapat mati pada suhu 60°C-100°C
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<a href="http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/3288/2/pemanfatan_biosolid.pdf">http://eprints.upnjatim.ac.id/3288/2/pemanfatan_biosolid.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Susu segar dapat dirusak oleh berbagai jenis
bakteri. Bakteri yang tahan proses pasteurisasi disebut bersifat termodurik,
misalnya Streptococcus, Lactobacillus dan Bacillus). Preoduk olahan susu,
seperti mentega banyak dirusak oleh mikroba lipolitik, sedangkan jenis
mikroorganisme yang tumbuh pada keju tergantung pada ada tidaknya proses
pemeraman.</div>
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<a href="http://usupsupriyadi.blogspot.com/2009/10/mikrobiologi-pangan.html">http://usupsupriyadi.blogspot.com/2009/10/mikrobiologi-pangan.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-30820198249637057862013-02-06T00:27:00.001-08:002013-02-06T00:27:25.750-08:00TAUCO<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TAUCO</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bumbu
bercita rasa khas ini adalah salah satu produk kedelai yang difermentasikan,
dan menghasilkan rasa, warna, aroma dan tekstur yang pas untuk flavoring agent.
Yang saya tahu, tauco sangat luas dikenal dari ujung utara Sumatera sampai
seluruh Jawa, dan saya cukup yakin sampai Kalimantan, Sulawesi dan pulau lain juga
mengenal tauco dengan kekhasannya sendiri.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Masing-masing daerah biasanya klaim bahwa tauco dari daerah mereka lah
yang nomer satu, persis seperti kecap, semuanya nomer satu, tidak ada nomer dua
sama sekali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sampai
saat ini pada umumnya tauco dibuat secara spontan, dalam artian belum ada
standarisasi jenis mikroba tertentu yang menghasilkan fermentasi tauco ini.
Karena pengaruh fermentasi spontan sesuai dengan tempat masing-masing
dibuatnya, membuat tauco dari satu daerah ke daerah lain berbeda citarasa,
warna dan teksturnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis
tauco ada dua macam yaitu bentuk kering dan bentuk basah, sedangkan dari
rasanya dibedakan atas yang asin dan yang manis. Perbedaannya terletak dari
jumlah air dan banyaknya gula yang ditambahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahan
baku yang sering digunakan untuk membuat tauco adalah kedelai hitam atau
kedelai kuning, tetapi yang sering dan umum digunakan adalah kedelai hitam.
Bahan tambahan untuk pembuatan tauco adalah berbagai jenis tepung seperti
tepung terigu, tapung beras atau tepung beras ketan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prinsip
dasar pembuatan tauco adalah fermentasi 2 tahap, yaitu fermentasi kapang dan
fermentasi garam. Tahapan persiapannya adalah: merendam, mencuci, mengukus,
penirisan, penambahan ragi, fermentasi dan dilanjutkan dengan perendaman dalam
larutan garam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tujuan
perendaman kedelai pada tahap awal adalah untuk memudahkan pengupasan kulit
kedelai, mengembangkan biji kedelai dan untuk membantu mempercepat pengukusan
atau perebusan. Perendaman kedelai biasanya dilakukan semalam atau sekitar 20
sampai 22 jam.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karena
proses fermentasi ini, struktur protein di dalam kedelai terpecah-pecah menjadi
berbagai macam asam amino. Berbagai asam amino ini bercampur dengan garam yang
ditambahkan, membentuk kandungan umami yang tinggi sekali. Umami adalah sebutan
komponen rasa yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi gurih. Rasa
gurih/umami terjadi karena terbentuknya MSG alami dalam tauco.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">MSG
seperti kita ketahui adalah singkatan Mono Sodium Glutamat, di mana sodium
adalah nama lain dari Natrium dan glutamat dari asam glutamat – salah satu
bentuk asam amino alami. Reaksi antara asam glutamat dan natrium chorida (NaCl
= garam) menghasilkan senyawa baru Mono Sodium Glutamat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rasa
gurih inilah yang kita dapatkan sewaktu kita memasak menggunakan salah satu
komponen bumbunya tauco. Tidaklah mengherankan jika rasa masakan berbumbu tauco
kaya rasa, aroma dan lezat karena pengaruh MSG alami ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa
nama lain tauco: soybean paste, doenjang, dwenjang, miso, cheonggukjang,
dajiang; adalah berbagai nama di berbagai negara yang memiliki kekhasan mereka
sendiri produk sejenis atau mirip dengan tauco. Perbedaannya dengan tauco
adalah jenis kedelai – biasanya kedelai setempat yang memiliki citarasa dan
aroma sendiri dan juga bakteri fermentasinya yang biasanya merupakan bakteri tertentu
strain setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cara Pembuatan</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perendaman.
Kedelai dibersihkan dan dicuci sampai bersih. Kemudian kedelai direndam di
dalam air bersih selama 12-24 jam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengupasan
dan pembuangan kulit. Kedelai dimasukkan ke dalam karung atau bakul, kemudian
diinjak-injak sehingga terbelah dua, dan kulit biji terkelupas. Kulit biji
dibuang, dan biji dicuci sampai bersih. Pengupasan dan pembuangan kulit-kulit
juga dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perebusan.
Biji direbus selama 1-2 jam. Kemudian ditiriskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penambahan
tepung beras. Biji kedelai yang telah ditiriskan, ditambah dengan tepung beras.
Sebelumnya, tepung beras ini telah disangrai. Tiap 10 kg kedelai ditambah
dengan tepung beras sebanyak 2 kg. Pengadukan dilakukan agar kedelai dan tepung
beras tercampur rata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fermentasi
kapang. Campuran kedelai tepung beras ditaburi dengan ragi tempe (1 gram tempe
untuk tiap kg kedelai), diaduk agar tercampur rata, dan selanjutnya dihamparkan
diatas tampah setinggi 2-3 cm. Campuran ini ditutup dengan daun pisang. Tampah
diletakkan di atas para-para yang terlindung dari serangga, panas dan hujan.
Fermentasi ini berlangsung selama 2-3 hari sampai terbentuk tempe yang lebat
pertumbuhan kapangnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penjemuran
tempe. Tempe disuir-suir atau dilepaskan butiran-butirannya. Setelah itu
butiran tempe dijemur sampai kering. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyiapan
larutan garam 20%. Untuk membuat 10 liter larutan garam 20% dilakukan dengan
cara berikut. Garam sebanyak 2 kg dimasukkan ke dalam ember, kemudian
ditambahkan air sedikit demi sedikit sambil diaduk sampai volume larutan
menjadi 10 liter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fermentasi
garam. Butiran tempe kering direndam di dalam larutan garam. Tiap kg kedelai
membutuhkan larutan garam sebanyak 1 liter . Prendaman di lakukan di dalam
wadah perendam selama 2 minggu. Hasil fermentasi disebut dengan tauco mentah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyiapan
bumbu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gula
merah diiris-iris, kemudian dilarutkan dengan air (tiap kg kedelai membutuhkan
250 gram gula merah, dan 25 ml air untuk melarutkan gula tersebut).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jahe
dan lengkuas dikupas kemudian dipukul-pukul sampai memar (tiap kg kedelai
membutuhkan jahe dan laos, masing-masing 20 gram), dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jahe
dan lengkuas dimasukkan ke dalam larutan gula, kemudian dimasak sampai mendidih
dan disaring dengan kain saring. Larutan ini disebut larutan gula berbumbu, dan
digunakan untuk membumbui tauco.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembumbuan
dan perebusan tauco. Tauco mentah ditambah dengan larutan gula berbumbu.
Kemudian tauco mentah dididihkan selama 3-4 jam sehingga cairan tauco
mengental. Hasil perebusan ini disebut sebagai tauco masak. Tauco masak dapat
ditambah dengan monosodium glutamat sebanyak 1 gram untuk tiap kg tauco, agar
memberikan rasa yang lebih sedap terhadap masakan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengemasan.
Tauco masak dikemas di dalam kantong plastik dan mulut kantong diikat dengan
gelang karet kuat-kuat. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-79195747805690885992013-02-06T00:24:00.002-08:002013-02-06T00:24:28.452-08:00KOMODITAS DAGING SAPI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Kata
Pengantar</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daging
adalah salah satu bahan pangan sumber protein hewani yang sangat</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dibutuhkan
oleh manusia, karena zat-zat makanan yang dikandungnya</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sangat
diperlukan untuk kehidupan manusia, terutama bagi anak-anak yang</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sedang
tumbuh.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kandungan
zat-zat makanan di dalam daging mudah sekali rusak oleh</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">lingkungan
sekitar, oleh karena itu diperlukan penanganan yang baik.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penanganan
daging yang baik harus dimulai sejak ternak itu sebelum</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dipotong,
pada saat pemotongan dan setelah pemotongan.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Modul
ini disusun berdasarkan penelusuran kepustakaan, sebagai bahan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ajaran
yang dapat digunakan oleh siswa di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bidang
Keahlian Pertanian atau Sekolah Menengah lainnya.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terimakasih
penulis sampaikan kepada Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dan
Kejuruan/ Diknas yang telah memberikan dana sehingga tersusunnya</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">modul ini.
Semoga modul ini bermanfaat bagi yang memerlukannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMODITAS DAGING SAPI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daging
sapi diperoleh setelah melalui tahapan proses (pemotongan) yang dilaksanakan di
rumah-rumah potong baik pemerintah maupun swasta. Proses tersebut haruslah
dilaksanakan secara hygienis dan berdasarkan syariat Islam agar daging tersebut
aman dan halal untuk dikonsumsi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mengetahui kualitas daging yang baik, setiap produsen maupun konsumen harus
mengetahui parameter-parameter yang perlu diamati. Adapun kriteria daging yang
baik meliputi: warna daging, daging berwarna merah cerah (terang); warna lemak,
putih atau putih kekuningan; aroma daging, memiliki aroma khas daging;
kekenyalan, kenyal/elastis yang apabila ditekan dengan telunjuk akan kembali ke
bentuk semula; dan marbling, marbling adalah jaringan lemak yang terdapat
diantara serat-serat daging marbling berperan untuk meningkatkan keempukan dan
rasa daging. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sementara
faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kriteria tersebut adalah : </span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur sapi, umur sapi yang tua
cenderung memiliki warna daging yang lebih gelap, lemak berwarna kuning
dan yang terpenting adalah serat daging yang lebih kasar sehingga akan
menghasilkan daging yang lebih keras bila dibandingkan dengan sapi muda.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakan rumput, sapi yang
diberikan pakan rumput cenderung memiliki kandungan lemak yang tipis dan
daging yang padat sehingga tampak sehat dan memiliki kandungan lemak yang
rendah. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grain (biji-bijian), pemberian
pakan berupa biji-bijian dengan kandungan nutrisi yang seimbang juga
energi yang tinggi pada waktu yang telah ditentukan. Pemberian pakan yang
seragam akan menghasilkan kriteria daging yang konsisten. Daging sapi yang
berasal dari ternak dengan metode grain fed akan menghasilkan lemak putih
dan tersebar diantara serat daging (marbling) sehingga daging menjadi
lebih empuk dengan cita rasa yang baik. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanganan, mulai dari proses
pemotongan, boning (pemisahan tulang dan daging), penyimpanan, pengiriman
hingga daging tersebut siap dihidangkan. Penanganan daging yang baik akan
menghasilkan daging dengan mutu yang baik karena jika ada penyimpangan
tidak tertutup kemungkinan akan merusak daging.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab utama terjadinya kerusakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Ada 3 (tiga) jenis kontaminasi yang dapat mencemari daging yaitu :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontaminasi fisik. Pencemaran
yang terjadi diakibatkan adanya benda asing dalam makanan seperti, rambut,
bagian-bagian mesin, debu, dan lain-lain. Hal tersebut dapat di cegah dengan
kebersihan, sanitasi dan menggunakan perlengkapan kerja yang sesuai.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontaminasi kimia. Pencemaran
yang disebabkan oleh senyawa kimia seperti, cairan pembersih, insektisida,
pestisida atau racun lain yang masuk dalam makanan. Pelaksanaan kebersihan
dan sanitasi secara berkala akan mengurangi risiko dari pencemaran kimia. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencemaran Mikrobiologi.
Terjadi apabila mikroorganisme masuk ke dalam makanan, hal tersebut akan
mengurangi masa penyimpanan produk dan dapat mengakibatkan risiko yang
serius pada kesehatan konsumen (palanggan). </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari ketiga jenis pencemaran di atas penyebab utama
terjadinya kerusakan/keracunan daging adalah mikroorganisme. Selain
mikroorganisme, beberapa senyawa kimia pun dapat menimbulkan bahaya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hewan seperti kambing, sapi, domba, ayam, burung dan hewan
liar merupakan sumber (pembawa) alami mikroorganisme termasuk bakteri patogen.
Bakteri tersebut berkelompok dalam saluran pencernaan dan akan menyebar dengan
cepat lewat kotoran. Selain itu, secara biologis daging merupakan tempat mikroorganisme
seperti bakteri, ragi dan jamur ditambah dengan kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi
sehingga mikroorganisme dapat bertahan bahkan berkembang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakteri
membutuhkan air, nutrisi, suhu, waktu dan keasaman yang tepat untuk tumbuh dan
berkembang, ada dua kemungkinan yang menyebabkan daging tercemar: </span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontaminasi dari luar, dimana
daging tercemar oleh makanan atau apapun yang tercemar bakteri.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontaminasi dari dalam, dimana
bakteri pada daging itu sendiri yang tumbuh dan berkembang. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu yang tepat serta waktu yang cukup sangat penting untuk
pertumbuhan bakteri. Sebagian besar bakteri tidak akan berkembang pada
temperatur dibawah 5oC dan beberapa di antaranya dapat bertahan pada suhu di
atas 74oC. Zona bahaya untuk bakteri dapat tumbuh adalah antara 5oC - 60oC
dengan suhu optimal untuk tumbuh dan berkembang adalah 20oC – 45oC. Pada suhu
optimal satu bakteri dalam daging akan berkembang sangat cepat, bakteri akan
membelah menjadi dua dalam 10 – 20 menit, menjadi 4000 dalam 4 jam dan 2 juta
bakteri dalam waktu 7 jam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
beberapa hal penting yang berguna untuk mencegah kerusakan dan pencemaran pada
daging yang dapat diterapkan baik untuk perorangan maupun di industri olahan
daging.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.Karyawan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahankan
tingkat kesehatan karyawan dengan pemeriksan secara berkala, jaga rambut dan
kuku agar tetap bersih.Biasakan mencuci tangan sebelum menangani daging dan
setelah dari toilet, menangani bahan mentah, menggunakan sapu tangan, menangani
sampah, menyentuh rambut atau wajah, merokok, mengganti popok bayi dan menangani
hewan. Untuk menjaga kondisi karyawan tetap hygiene maka: </span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaga agar pakaian kerja tetap bersih.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gunakan penutup kepala dan atau sarung tangan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan merokok di tempat proses. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan menggunakan perhiasan (kalung, gelang, cincin,
jam tangan, dan lain-lain) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaga peralatan kerja agar tetap bersih dan steril. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jangan bekerja (menangani daging) ketika sedang sakit. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.Penanganan produk (daging),</span></i></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Operasikan gudang pendingin pada suhu kurang dari 4oC
untuk daging dalam kondisi chilled (kondisi dimana suhu daging dibawah 4oC
/ tidak beku) dan suhu di bawah -15oC untuk daging beku (frozen). Pantau
suhu secara berkala.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pisahkan antara daging mentah dan daging yang sudah di
masak. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikan label dan tanggal pada daging yang akan
dibekukan, serta beri jarak produk satu dengan yang lainnya untuk
mempercepat proses pembekuan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lumerkan (thawing/defrosted) daging di ruang pendingin.
</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daging yang sudah lumer tidak boleh dibekukan kembali. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atur perputaran barang sesuai prinsip “FIFO” (First In
First Out) </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembelian daging dari suplier harus disertai data
kesehatan daging. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Periksa suhu dan kualitas daging pada saat penerimaan. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jaga agar lantai/ruang penyimpanan ataupun ruang proses
agar tetap bersih. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laksanakan program pengendalian hama (pest control)
secara teratur/berkala. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan pada daging sapi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daging
mudah sekali mengalami kerusakan mikrobiologi karena kandungan gizi dan kadar
airnya yang tinggi, serta banyak mengandung vitamin dan mineral. Kerusakan pada
daging ditandai dengan perubahan bau dan timbulnya lendir. Biasanya kerusakan
ini. terjadi jika jumlah mikroba menjadi jutaan atau ratusan juta (106 – 108)
sel atau lebih per 1 cm2 luas permukaan daging. Kerusakan mikrobiologi pada
daging terutama disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan bakteri pembusuk dengan tanda-tanda
sebagai berikut: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Pembentukan lendir </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Perubahan warna </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Perubahan bau menjadi busuk karena
pemecahan protein dan terbentuknya senyawa-senyawa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbau busuk seperti amonia, H2S, dan
senyawa lain-lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Perubahan rasa menjadi asam karena
pertumbuhan bakteri pembentuk asam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• Ketengikan yang disebabkan pemecahan
atau oksidasi lemak daging.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada daging yang telah dikeringkan
sehingga nilai aw-nya rendah, misalnya daging asap atau dendeng, kerusakan
terutama disebabkan oleh pertumbuhan kapang pada permukaan. Pada daging yang
dikalengkan, kerusakan dapat di.sebabkan oleh bakteri pembentuk spora yang
kadang-kadang membentuk gas sehingga kaleng menjadi kembung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip Pembekuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembekuan
didasarkan pada dua prinsip yaitu 1).Suhu yang sangat rendah menghambat
pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dan memperlambat aktivitas enzim dan reaksi kimiawi
dan 2). Pembentukan kristal es yang menurunkan ketersediaan air bebas di dalam
pangan sehingga pertumbuhan mikroorganisme terhambat. Pada beberapa bahan
pangan, proses blansir perlu dilakukan sebelum pembekuan untuk menginaktifkan
enzim penyebab pencoklatan. Pada skala domestik, pangan yang akan dibekukan
diletakkan didalam freezer, dimana akan terjadi proses pindah panas yang
berlangsung secara konduksi (untuk pengeluaran panas dari produk). Proses ini
berlangsung selama beberapa jam, tergantung pada kondisi bahan pangan yang akan
dibekukan. Di industri pangan, telah dikembangkan metode pembekuan lainnya
untuk mempercepat proses pembekuan yang memungkinkan produk membeku dalam waktu
yang pendek. Pembekuan cepat akan menghasilkan kristal es berukuran kecil
sehingga akan meminimalkan kerusakan tekstur bahan yang dibekukan. Selain itu,
proses pembekuan cepat juga menyebabkan terjadinya kejutan dingin (freeze
shock) pada mikroorganisme dan tidak terjadi tahap adaptasi mikroorganisme dengan
perubahan suhu sehingga mengurangi resiko pertumbuhan mikroorganisme selama
proses pembekuan berlangsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tiga metode pembekuan cepat tersebut adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembekuan dengan aliran udara dingin
(blast freezing): bahan pangan yang akan didinginkan diletakkan dalam freezer
yang dialiri udara dingin (suhu -40oC atau lebih rendah lagi); </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembekuan dengan alat pindah panas
tipe gesekan (scraped heat exchanger): produk (misalnya ice cream) dibekukan
dengan metode ini untuk mengurangi pembentukan kristal es berukuran besar.
Produk digesekkan pada permukaan pendingin dan kemudian segera dibawa menjauh.
Proses ini dilakukan secara berulang dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 38.25pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembekuan kriogenik (cryogenic
freezing) dimana nitrogen cair (atau karbon dioksida) disemprotkan langsung
pada bahan-bahan pangan berukuran kecil seperti udang atau strawberry. Karena
cairan nitrogen dan karbon dioksida mempunyai suhu beku yang sangat rendah
(berturut-turut -196oC dan -78oC) maka proses pembekuan akan berlangsung
spontan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daging merupakan bahan pangan yang bergizi tinggi
dan berguna untuk kesehatan manusia, juga merupakan media yang baik untuk
pertumbuhan mikroba. Kerusakan daging oleh mikroba mengakibatkan penurunan mutu
daging. Pengawetan daging adalah salah satu cara untuk memperpanjang masa simpannya
sampai sebelum dikonsumsi. Namun masyarakat dewasa ini takut bila mendengar
istilah pengawet atau bahan kimia karena dapat menimbulkan efek negatif bagi
tubuh. Oleh karena itu penggunaan pengawet terutama dari bahan kimia harus
memperhatikan jenis bahan kimia yang digunakan serta jumlah penggunaan yang
direkomendasikan dalam aplikasinya untuk daging dan olahannya agar tidak
menimbulkan efek negatif b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-16674688113443220082013-02-06T00:11:00.002-08:002013-02-06T00:11:52.036-08:00UJI DESKRIPTIF<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
UJI DESKRIPTIF</h3>
<h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
(Uji Profil Rasa)</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penggolongan
dari uji organoleptic aalah sbb. :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Psikofisik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
uji Perbedaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Psikometrik<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
1. Uji kesukaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>2. uji skalar</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. uji test Tester</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>deskripsi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: uji
profil rasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Uji Deskripsi</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
Uji deskripsi juga biasa disebut
dengan uji profil rasa. Uji ini digunakan untuk menilai seluruh sifat indrawi
bahan yang diuji, terutama yang menentukan m utu bahan tsb. Uji ini digunakan
untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang utuh tentang karakteristik bahan. Maka dari itu
uji ini banyak sifat sensory yang dinilai, sifat-sifat tersebut biasanya
dipilih yang paling releven terhadap mutu atau yang paling peka terhadap
perubahan komoditi tsb. Sifat-sifat mutu ini biasanya disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">atribut mutu.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maka
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prinsip <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>dari uji ini adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran
yang utuh tentang karakteristik produk.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan </b>dari analisa
ini adalah :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b>Untuk
mendapatkan gambaran yang utuh tentang karakteristik produk</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b>Menilai
dan menganalisis sifat sensori secara keseluruhan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Panelis </b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilibatkan dalam uji diskripsi ini adalah
panelis yang memiliki ategori ahli karena harus mampu mendeskripsikan sifat
yang diuji, intensitas sifat aynag diuji, kenampakan dll.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sample </b>yang digunakan dalam pengujian
ini bias semua sample , tidak terbatas untuk komoditas tertentu sepeti pada uji
pembanding ganda.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cara pengujian</b> apabila penyaji telah
memberikan sample missal sample A dan penelis diminta untuk menilai dan
emnuliskan nilai pada kertas yang disediakan penyaji. Mka pada uji ini terdiri
atas uji pembenaan nilai atau skor. Pada pengujian ini nilai atau skor bias
dituangkan dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">spiderwrap</i>. Dalam
spiderwrap telah diberi standart mutu dari tiap atribut mutu, apabila salah
satu atribut mutu tidak memenuhi stadar mutu maka produk bias diubah lagi
sehingga mencapai standar mutu.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Exp :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
8Dalam pengujian warfer dengan
merk daagang A yang diujikan dengan metode uji profil rasa/ uji d9eskriptif
didapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nilai dari tiap atribut mutu
yang ada dalam lebar nilai seperti </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Crispy<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>A</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sweetness<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>B</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna Wafer<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Warna isi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Aroma <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>E</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>After taste<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>F</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Chewiness<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>G</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Keasaman </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Dll</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Standar</div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
No</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Nama produk</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Kriteria mutu</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Nilai</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Rasa</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
ket</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Wafer coklat</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
A. Crispy<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
7</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
manis</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
B.Sweetness</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
5</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
7</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
C. Warna Wafer</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
6</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
D. Warna isi</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
9</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
E. Aroma <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
F. After taste</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .5in;" valign="top" width="48">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.1pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
G.dst</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
8</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.65pt;" valign="top" width="61">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.25pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kemudian nilai yang
telah dituiskan tersebut di olah dengan grafik yaitu dengan menggunakan
spiderwrap yang jumlah garisnya disesuaikan dengan jumlah atribut mutu yang
digunakan. Jumlah atribut mutu max adalah 16 macam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="height: 28px; left: 0px; margin-left: 220px; margin-top: 9px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251666432;"></span>Exp:</div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td height="10" width="70"><br /></td><td width="318"><br /></td><td width="4"><br /></td><td width="37"><br /></td></tr>
<tr><td height="143"><br /></td><td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="41"><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="191"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
Peletakan searah
jarum jam dan diutamakan yang pertama adlah atribut mutu yang paliang dominan.</div>
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Dalam uji
deskripsi terdapat 2 grafik :</div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Grafik
radial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: grafik yang terdiri dari
atribut mutu yang digambarkan sebagai garis (ranting)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Grafik
mutu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: grafik yang bukan hanya berisi
nilai/ skor namun juga berisi kriteria .</div>
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<span style="height: 21px; left: 0px; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251692032;"></span>Cara
pengujian </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
<span style="height: 22px; left: 0px; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 18px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251693056;"></span>Persiapan
alat dan sample</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
<span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 19px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251694080;"></span>Penyajian
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
<span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251695104;"></span>Penilaian
oleh panelis (pengujian ) 1. Penyicipan</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. pengisian nilai</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
<span style="height: 15px; left: 0px; margin-left: 382px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251698176;"></span><span style="height: 4px; left: 0px; margin-left: 62px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 329px; z-index: 251697152;"></span><span style="height: 21px; left: 0px; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251696128;"></span>Pengolahan
data dengan grafik</div>
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<span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 55px; margin-top: 21px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 16px; z-index: 251699200;"></span>Sesuai
standar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>apabila adayang
tidak sesuai standar maka diusahakan sampai sesuai standar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
Lanjutkan ke tes
hedonik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Anonim. 20012. Uji deskriptif. <a href="http://id.wikipwdia.org/wiki/evaluasi-sensri">http://id.wikipwdia.org/wiki/evaluasi-sensri</a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
Diakses tanggal 21 januari 2013 pukul 7:36</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Ayatullah, S. 2009. Tehnologi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pangan. http
://sepa-ayatullah.blogspot.com/2009/oq/deskiptif-uji-sensori.html.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 312.0pt;">
Diakses tanggal 25 januari 2013. Pukul 7:38:18 AM</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Hidayah, L.2012. catatan sensory evaluation. SMK
NEGERI ! TEMANGGUNG.tidak dipublikasikan.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 312.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Nisa, S. 2011. Catatan organoleptic.SMK NEGERI !
TEMANGGUNG. Tidak dipublikasikan.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-61388162248384091472012-09-30T02:12:00.000-07:002012-09-30T02:12:23.969-07:00makalah minyak bumi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB I</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>LATAR BELAKANG</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
Minyak bumi memiliki pean penting dalam kehidupan kita.
Ia digunakan untuk bahan baka dan bahan baku industri kimia. Kendaraan bermotor
yang lalu lalang di jalan menggunakan bahan bakara hasil olahan minyak bumi.
Minyak bumi dan turunannya digunakan untuk membuat obay-obatna, pupuk,
pelengkapan makan, plastik, bahan bangunan, cat, pakaian, dan untuk pembangkit
listrik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Oleh karena itu, dalam laporan ini akan dibahas lengkap segala sesuatu
yang bekaitan denagn minyak bumi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>RUMUSAN MASALAH</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
1. Darimana minyak bumi berasal?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
2. Apa saja komposisi minyak bumi?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
3. Apa saja fraksi-fraksi pada minyak bumi?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
4. Apa manfaat dari minyak bumi?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
5. Apa saja dampak negaif dari minyak bumi?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
6. Apa bahan alternatif pengganti minyak bumi?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>TUJUAN PENELITIAN</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Berdasarkan rumusan masalah di atas maka tujuan kami adalah
sebagai berikut:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengetahui dari mana minyak bumi berasal,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengetahui komposisi minyak bumi,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengetahui fraksi-fraksi pada minyak bumi,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengetahui manfaat dari minyak bumi,</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengetahui dampak negaif dari minyak bumi, dan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Mengetahui bahan alternatif pengganti minyak
bumi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">BAB II</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ISI</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PENGERTIAN
MINYAK BUMI</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: .5in;">
Minyak Bumi
(bahasa Inggris: petroleum, dari bahasa Latin petrus – karang dan oleum –
minyak), dijuluki juga sebagai emas hitam, adalah cairan kental, berwarna
coklat gelap, atau kehijauan yang mudah terbakar, yang berada di lapisan atas
dari beberapa area di kerak bumi. Minyak Bumi terdiri dari campuran kompleks
dari berbagai hidrokarbon, sebagian besar seri alkana, tetapi bervariasi dalam
penampilan, komposisi, dan kemurniannya. Minyak Bumi diambil dari sumur minyak
di pertambangan-pertambangan minyak. Lokasi sumur-sumur minyak ini didapatkan
setelah melalui proses studi geologi, analisis sedimen, karakter dan struktur
sumber, dan berbagai macam studi lainnya.Setelah itu, minyak Bumi akan diproses
di tempat pengilangan minyak dan dipisah-pisahkan hasilnya berdasarkan titik
didihnya sehingga menghasilkan berbagai macam bahan bakar, mulai dari bensin
dan minyak tanah sampai aspal dan berbagai reagen kimia yang dibutuhkan untuk
membuat plastik dan obat-obatan. Minyak Bumi digunakan untuk memproduksi
berbagai macam barang dan material yang dibutuhkan manusia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PERSEBARAN MINYAK BUMI DI INDONESIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Sejarah minyak bumi di indonesia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Menurut cerita lama, pada abad VIII orang-orang
Indonesia yang berdiam disekitar Selat Sumatra telah mengenal minyak bumi dan
memamfaatkannya sebagai alat pembakar dalam pertempuran di laut. Pada abad XVI,
armada laut Aceh dapat mengalahkan armada laut Portugis yang saat itu dipimpin
oleh Alfonso D' Albuquerque dengan menggunakan bola api yang dilemparkan dari
kapal-kapal perang Aceh. Pada waktu itu minyak yang digunakan adalah minyak
bumi yang merembes keluar ke permukaan bumi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada zaman penjajahan
Belanda sejak tahun 1871 orang-orang Belanda telah berusaha untuk mendapatkan
minyak bumi dengan melakukan pemboran di daerah-daerah rembesan minyak bumi
untuk diolah menjadi minyak lampu. Pada tahun 1883, A.J.Zylker seorang penanam
tembakau Belanda berhasil melakukan pemboran minyak bumi yang pertama didekat
Pangkalan Brandan pada kedalaman 400 kaki. Pada waktu yang hampir sama telah
pula ditemukan minyak bumi di tempat lain di Indonesia, seperti di desa Ledok
Jawa Tengah, Di desa Minyak Hitam di daerah Muara Enim dan Riawa Kiwa dekat
Sangasana di Kalimantan Timur.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penemuan minyak bumi di
Indonesia tentu mengakibatkan tumbuhnya banyak perusahaan minyak asing, dimana
pada akhir abad XIX lebih dari 18 perusahaan asing secara aktif mengusahakan
sumber-sumber minyak bumi di Indonesia. Karean usaha eksplorasi dan kekuatan
finansial, maka Royal Dutch Company ( yang mengambil alih konsesi Zylker) dapat
menyisihkan perusahaan-perusahaan yang ada pada waktu itu. Dalam tahun 1907,
Royal Dutch Company bergabung dengan Shell Transport and Trading Company dan
perusahaan yang beroperasi dari kelompok Royal Dutch Shell di Indonesia adalah
Batsaafche Petruleum Maatschappy ( BPM ), dan merupakan satu satunya perusahaan
yang beroperasi sampai tahun 1991. Pada tahun 1912, Standard Vacum Oil, suatu
anak perusahaan dari Standard Oil ( New Jersey ) dan Vacum Oil Company mulai
beroperasi di Indonesia. Untuk menghadapi saingan dari Standard Oil, maka pada
tahun 1930 oleh pemerintah Kolonial Hindia Belanda dan BPM dibentuk sebuah
perusahaan campuran yaitu, NV. Nederlandsche Indische Aardolie Maatshappy (
NIAM ). pada tahun 1931 caltex, sebuah anak perusahaan Standard Oil of
California and Texas Company mulai beroperasi di Indonesia. Kemudian pada tahun
1935 dibentuk perusahaan minyak bernama Nederlansche Nieuw Guinea Petroleum
Maatschappy ( NNGPM ) untuk mengeksploitasi bagian barat Irian Jaya, dengan
sahamnya dari Royal Dutch Shell. Stanvac dan Caltex. Kilang minyak yang ada
sebelum perang dunia ke II ada 6 buah yaitu di Plaju (BPM), sungai Gerong (
STANVAC), Balikpapan (BPM), Wonokromo (BPM) dan Pangkalan Brandan (BPM).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan pecahnya perang
dunia ke II, karena serbuan bala tentara Jepang ke Indonesia, maka sebagian
besar instalasi-instalasi minyak hancur terutama di Pangkalan Brandan, karena
politik bumi hangus pemerintah Hindia Belanda. Dalam perjuangan kemerdekaan
Indonesia tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, satu-satunya lapangan minyak yang dapat
dikuasai oleh pejuang-pejuang kemerdekaan Indonesia adalah lapangan minyak bumi
disekitar Pangkalan Brandan dan daerah Aceh, bekas milik Shell-BPM , yang
selanjutnya merupakan Perusahaan Minyak Indonesia yang pertama dan diberi nama
Perusahaan Tambang Minyak Negara Republik Indonesia ( PTMNRI ). BPM berhasil
meneruskan produksi minyaknya di Tarakan pada tahun 1946 meneruskan produksinya
di Tarakan pada Tahun 1945, dan pada tahun 1946 meneruskan produksinya di
Kalimantan dan mengaktifkan kembali sebagian kilang minyaknya di Balikpapan.
Dalam bulan Oktober 1946 Kilang Plaju dan Sungai Gerong masing-masing
dikembalikan kepada BPM dan STANVAC untuk rekonstruksi. Di Jawa Tengah BPM
tidak berhasil kembali kelapangan Kawengan dan kilang minyak Cepu, karena
lapangan dan kilang telah dikuasai oleh koperasi buruh minyak yang kemudian
menjadi perusahaan negara PERMIGAN.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karena PTMNRI sesudah
selesainya perjuangan fisik di tahun 1950 belum nampak usaha-usaha
pembangunannya, maka pada bulan April 1954 PTMNRI diubah menjadi Tambang Minyak
Sumatra Utara (TMSU). Tindakan ini ternyata juga tidak ada mamfaatnya, sehingga
pada tanggal 10 Desember 1957 diubah menjadi PT PERMINA. setelah kira-kira tiga
setengah tahun, maka pada tanggal 1 Juli 1961 statusnya diubah menjadi
Perusahaan Negara Pertambangan Minyak Nasional (PN PERMINA).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
http://kimiaringgostar.blogspot.com/2012/05/sejarah-minyak-bumi-di-indonesia.html</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Deerah Penghasil minyak bumi di Indonesia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Daerah
penambangan minyak bumi di Indonesia tersebar di berbagai wilayah, antara lain:<br />
a. Sumatera bagian utara: Medan, Banda Aceh.<br />
b. Sumatera bagian selatan: Jambi, Palembang, dan Riau.<br />
c. Jawa Barat: Cirebon, Indramayu.<br />
d. Jawa Tengah: Cepu.<br />
e. Jawa Timur: Wonokromo.<br />
f. Kalimantan: Barito, Kutai, dan Tarakan.<br />
g. Papua.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Kilang Minyak di Indonesia</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Kilang minyak (oil refinery) adalah pabrik/fasilitas
industri yang mengolah minyak mentah menjadi produk petroleum yang bisa
langsung digunakan maupun produk-produk lain yang menjadi bahan baku bagi
industri petrokimia.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan I Pangkalan Brandan,
Sumatera Utara (Kapasitas 5 ribu barel/hari). Kilang minyak pangkalan brandan
sudah ditutup sejak awal tahun 2007 </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan II Dumai/Sei Pakning,
Riau (Kapasitas Kilang Dumai 127 ribu barel/hari, Kilang Sungai Pakning 50 ribu
barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan III Plaju, Sumatera
Selatan (Kapasitas 145 ribu barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan IV Cilacap (Kapasitas
348 ribu barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan V Balikpapan,
Kalimantan Timur (Kapasitas 266 ribu barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan VI Balongan, Jawa
Barat (Kapasitas 125 ribu barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pertamina Unit Pengolahan VII Sorong, Irian Jaya
Barat (Kapasitas 10 ribu barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Pusdiklat Migas Cepu, Jawa Tengah (Kapasitas 5
ribu barel/hari) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Semua kilang minyak di atas dioperasikan oleh Pertamina.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">PEMBUATAN MINYAK BUMI</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teori Pembentukan Minyak Bumi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
Membahas identifikasi minyak bumi tidak dapat lepas
dari bahasan teori pembentukan minyak bumi dan kondisi pembentukannya yang
membuat suatu minyak bumi menjadi spesifik dan tidak sama antara suatu minyak
bumi dengan minyak bumi lainnya. Berikut ini akan dibahas 2 teori pembentukan
minyak bumi.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teori Biogenesis (Organik)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .25in;">
Macquir
(Prancis, 1758) merupakan orang pertama yang pertama kali mengemukakan pendapat
bahwa minyak bumi berasal darri umbuh-tumbuhan. Kemudian M.W Lamanosow (Rusia,
1763) juga mengemukakan hal yang sama. Pendapat di atas juga didukun oleh
sarjana lain seperti, Nem Beery, Engler, Bruk, bearl, Hofer. Meeka mengatakan
bahwa ”minyak dan gas bumi berasal dari organisme laut yan telah mati
berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu dan membentuk sebuah lapisan dalam perut bumi.”</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teori Abiogenesis (Anorganik)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: .25in;">
Barthelot (1866)
mengemukakan di dalam minyak bumi terdapat logam alkali, yang dalam keadaan
bebas dengan temperatur tingi akan bersentuhan denagn C02 membentuk asitilena.
Kemudian Mendeleyev (1877) mengemukakan bahwa minyak bumi tebentuk akibat
adanya pengauh kerja uap pada kabida-karbida logam di dalm bumi. Yang lebih
ekstrim lagi adalah pernyataan beberapa ahli yang mengemukakan bahwa minyak
bumi mulai terbentuk sejak zamn prasejarah, jauh sebelum bumi terbentuk dan
besamaan dengan proses terbentuknya bumi.pernyataan itu berdasar fakta
ditemukannya material hidrokarbon dalam beberapa batuan meteor dan di atmosfir
bebeapa planet lain.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Komponen minyak bumi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Minyak bumi hasil ekplorasi (pengeboran) masih berupa
minyak mentah atau crude oil. Minyak mentah ini mengandung berbagai zat kimia
berwujud gas, cair, dan padat. Komponen utama minyak bumi adalah senyawa
hidrokarbon, baik alifatik, alisiklik, maupun aromatik. Kadar unsur karbon
dalam minyak bumi dapat mencapai 50%-85%, sedangkan sisanya merupakan campuran
unsur hydrogen dan unsur-unsur lain. Misalnya, nitrogen (0-0,5%), belerang
(0-6%), dan oksigen (0-3,5%).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
1. Senyawa hidokarbon alifatik rantai lurus</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Senyawa hidokabon alifatik rantai luus biasa disebut alkana atau normal
parafin. Senyawa ini banyak terdapat dalam gas alam dan minyak bumi yang
memiliki antai karbon pendek. Contoh: Etana Propana</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Senyawa hidrokarbon bentuk siklik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Senyawa hidrokarbon siklik merupakan snyawa hidrokarbon golongan
sikloalkana atau sikloparafin. Senyawa hidrokarbon ini memiliki rumus molekul
sama dengan alkena., tetapi tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap dua dan membentuk
dtruktur cinicin. Dalam minyak bumi, antarmolekul siklik tersebut kadag-kadanag
bergabung membentuk suatu molekul yang terdii atas beberapa senyawa siklik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Senyawa Hidrokarbon Alifatik Rantai Bercabang</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Senyawa golongan isoalkana atau isoparafin. Jumlah senyawa hidrokarbon
ini tidak sebanyak senyawa hidrokarbon alifatik rantai lurus dan senyawa
hidrokarbon bentuk siklik.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Senyawa Hidrokarbon Aromatik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Senyawa hidrokarbon aromatik merupakan senyawa hidrokarbon yang berbentuk
siklik segienam, berikatan rangkap dua selang-seling, dan merupakan senyawa
hidrokarbon tak jenuh. Pada umumnya, senyawa hidrokarbon aromatik ini terdapat
dalam minyak bumi yang memiliki jumlah atom C besar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Minyak bumi ditemukan bersama-sama dengan gas alam. Minyak bumi yang
telah dipisahkan dari gas alam disebut juga minyak mentah (crude oil). Minyak
mentah dapat dibedakan menjadi:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
1. Minyak mentah ringan (light crude oil) yang mengandung kadar logam dan
belerang rendah, berwarna terang dan bersifat encer (viskositas rendah).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Minyak mentah berat (heavy
crude oil) yang mengandung kadar logam dan belerang tinggi, memiliki viskositas
tinggi sehingga harus dipanaskan agar meleleh.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Proses Pembentukan Minyak Bumi</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Teori Organis dan teori Anorganik</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Teori proses pembentukan minyak yang dikenal hingga saat ini
ada dua teori besar yaitu teori an-organik dan teori organik. Teori an-organik
ini saat ini jarang dipakai dalam eksplorasi migas. Salah satu pengembang teori
an organik ini adalah para penganut creationist – atau penganut azas
penciptaan, itu tuh yang anti teori evolusi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>. Teori an-organic ini sering juga dikenal abiotik, atau abiogenic.</div>
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Mungkin ngga ada yang menyangka sebelumnya bahwa secara
alami minyak bumi yang ada secara alami ini dibuat oleh alam ini bahan dasarnya
dari ganggang. Ya, selain ganggang, biota-biota lain yang berupa daun-daunan
juga dapat menjadi sumber minyak bumi. Tetapi ganggang merupakan biota
terpenting dalam menghasilkan minyak. Namun dalam studi perminyakan (yang
lanjut dan bikin mumet itu) diketahui bahwa tumbuh-tumbuhan tingkat tinggi akan
lebih banyak menghasilkan gas ketimbang menghasilkan minyak bumi. Hal ini
disebabkan karena rangkaian karbonnya juga semakin kompleks.</div>
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Setelah ganggang-ganggang ini mati, maka akan teredapkan
di dasar cekungan sedimen. Keberadaan ganggang ini bisa juga dilaut maupun di
sebuah danau. Jadi ganggang ini bisa saja ganggang air tawar, maupun ganggang
air laut. Tentusaja batuan yang mengandung karbon ini bisa batuan hasil
pengendapan di danau, di delta, maupun di dasar laut. Batuan yang mengandung
banyak karbonnya ini yang disebut Source Rock (batuan Induk) yang kaya
mengandung unsur Carbon (high TOC-Total Organic Carbon).</div>
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<br /></div>
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Proses pembentukan carbon dari ganggang menjadi batuan induk
ini sangat spesifik. Itulah sebabnya tidak semua cekungan sedimen akan
mengandung minyak atau gasbumi. Kalau saja carbon ini teroksidasi maka akan
terurai dan bahkan menjadi rantai carbon yang tidak mungkin dimasak.</div>
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Proses pengendapan batuan ini berlangsung terus menerus.
Kalau saja daerah ini terus tenggelam dan terus ditumpuki oleh batuan-batuan
lain diatasnya, maka batuan yang mengandung karbon ini akan terpanaskan.
Tentusaja kita tahu bahwa semakin kedalam atau masuk amblas ke bumi, akan
bertambah suhunya. Ingat ada gradien geothermal ? (lihat penjelasan tentang
pematangan dibawah).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Reservoir (batuan Sarang)</div>
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<br /></div>
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Ketika proses penimbunan ini berlangsung tentusaja
banyak jenis batuan yang menimbunnya. Salah satu batuan yang nantinya akan
menjadi batuan reservoir atau batuan sarang. Pada prinsipnya segala jenis
batuan dapat menjadi batuan sarang, yang penting ada ruang pori-pori
didalamnya. Batuan sarang ini dapat berupa batupasir, batugamping bahkan batuan
volkanik.</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Proses migrasi dan pemerangkapan</div>
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Minyak yang dihasilkan oleh batuan induk yang
termatangkan ini tentusaja berupa minyak mentah. Walaupun berupa cairan,
minyakbumi yang mentah ciri fisiknya berbeda dengan air. Dalam hal ini sifat
fisik yang terpenting yaitu berat-jenis dan kekentalan. Ya, walaupun
kekentalannya lebih tinggi dari air, namun berat jenis minyakbumi ini lebih
kecil. Sehingga harus mengikuti hukum Archimides. Inget kan si jenius yang
menurut hikayat lari telanjang ? Sambil berteriak, “Eureka .. eureka !!”.
Demikianlah juga dengan minyak yang memiliki BJ lebih rendah dari air ini
akhirnya akan cenderung ber”migrasi” keatas.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Ketika minyak tertahan oleh sebuah bentuk batuan yang
menyerupai mangkok terbalik, maka minyak ini akan tertangkap atau lebih sering
disebut terperangkap dalam sebuah jebakan (trap).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Proses pematangan batuan induk (Source rock)</div>
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<br /></div>
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Untuk sedikit lebih canggih dalam memahami proses pembentukan
migas, dongeng berikut ini menjelaskan hanya masalah pematangannya.Seperti
disebutkan diatas bahwa pematangan source rock (batuan induk) ini karena adanya
proses pemanasan. Juga diketahui semakin dalam batuan induk akan semakin panas
dan akhirnya menghasilkan minyak. Tentunya ada donk hubungan antara kedalaman
dengan pematangan ? Ya tentusaja.</div>
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Proses pemasakan ini tergantung suhunya dan karena suhu
ini tergantung dari besarnya gradien geothermalnya maka setiap daerah tidak
sama tingkat kematangannya.Daerah yang dingin adalah daerah yang gradien
geothermalnya rendah, sedangkan daerah yang panas memiliki gradien geothermal
tinggi.</div>
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Dalam gambar diatas ini terlihat bahwa minyak terbentuk pada
suhu antara 50-180 derajat Celsius. Tetapi puncak atau kematangan terbagus akan
tercapai bila suhunya mencapai 100 derajat Celsius. Ketika suhu terus bertambah
karena cekungan itu semakin turun dalam yang juga diikuti penambahan batuan
penimbun, maka suhu tinggi ini akan memasak karbon yang ada menjadi gas!</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Dibawah ini peta yang menunjukkan cekungan-cekungan penghasil
minyak bumi di Indonesia. Warna hijau menunjukkan cekungan yang telah
menghasilkan minyak dan gas lebih besar dari 5 Boe (Billion Oil Ekivalen) atau
diatas 5 Milyar barrel migas. Kemudian antara 1-5 Milyar, warna kuning
menghasilkan 1-1000 juta barrel, dan kurang dari 10 juta barrel migas.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cekungan-cekungan
penghasil minyakbumi di Indonesia</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Cekungan-cekungan sedimen di Indonesia itu tergambar
dalam gambar disebelah atas ini tidak sama satu dengan yang lain, hal ini
menunjukkan masih banyak yang belum diketemukan. Masih memerlukan teknologi,
tenaga dan pikiran serta keahlian untuk mencari dan menemukannya.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Proses Pengolahan Minyak Bumi</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Minyak bumi biasanya berada 3-4 km di bawah permukaan.
Minyak bumi diperoleh dengan membuat sumu bor. Minyak mentah yang diperoleh
ditampunga dalam kapal tanker atau dialirkan melalui pipa ke stasiun tangki
atau ke kilang minyak.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Minyak mentah (crude oil) bebentuk caian kental hitam
dan berbau tidak sedap. Minyak mentah belum dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baka
maupun keperluan lainnya, tetapi haus diolah terlebih dahulu. Minyak mentah
mengandung sekitar 500 jenis hidrokarbon denagn jumlah atom C-1 hingga 50.
Pengolahan minyak bumi dilakukan melalui distilasi bertingkat, dimanaminyak
mentah dipisahkan ke dalam kelompok-kelompok dengan rentang titik didih
tertentu.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Pengolahan minyak bumi dimulai dengan memanaskan minyak
mentah pada suhu 400oC, kemudian dialirkan ke dalam menara fraksionasi dimana
akan tejadi pemisahan berdasarkan perbedaan titik didih. Komponen yang titik
didihnya lebih tinggi akan tetap berupa cairan dan turun ke bawah, sedangkan
yang titik didihnya lebih rendah akan menguap dan naik ke bagian atas melalui
sungkup-sungkup yang disebut sungkup gelembung.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sementara
itu, semakin ke ats, suhu semakin rendah, sehinga setiap kali komponen dengan
titik didih lebih tinggi naik, akan mengembun dan terpisah, sedangkan komponen
yang itik didihnya lebih rendah akan terus naik ke bagian atas yang lebih
tinggi. Sehingga komponen yang mencapai puncak menara adalah komponen yang pada
suhu kamar beupa gas. Komponen berupa gas tadi disebut gas proteleum. Melalui
kompresi dan pendinginan, ga sproteleum dicairkan sehingga diperoleh LPG (Liquid
Proteleum Gas)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
Minyak mentah mengandung berbagai senyawa hidrokarbon
dengan berbagai sifat fisiknya. Untuk memperoleh materi-materi yang berkualitas
baik dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan, perlu dilakukan tahapan pengolahan minyak
mentah yang meliputi proses distilasi, cracking, reforming, polimerisasi,
treating, dan blending.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1. Distilasi</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Distilasi atau penyulingan merupakan cara pemisahan campuran senyawa
berdasarkan pada perbedaan titik didih komponen-komponen penyusun campuran
tersebut. Meskipun komposisinya kompleks, terdapat cara mudah untuk memisahkan
komponen-komponennya berdasarkan perbedaan nilai titik didihnya, yang disebut
proses distilasi bertingkat. Destilasi merupakan pemisahan fraksi-fraksi minyak
bumi berdasarkan perbedaan titik didihnya. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Minyak bumi atau minyak mentah sebelum masuk kedalam kolom fraksinasi
(kolom pemisah) terlebih dahulu dipanaskan dalam aliran pipa dalam furnace
(tanur) sampai dengan suhu ± 350°C. Minyak mentah yang sudah dipanaskan
tersebut kemudian masuk kedalam kolom fraksinasi pada bagian flash chamber
(biasanya berada pada sepertiga bagian bawah kolom fraksinasi). Untuk menjaga
suhu dan tekanan dalam kolom maka dibantu pemanasan dengan steam (uap air panas
dan bertekanan tinggi)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karena perbedaan titik didih
setiap komponen hidrokarbon maka komponen-komponen tersebut akan terpisah
dengan sendirinya, dimana hidrokarbon ringan akan berada dibagian atas kolom
diikuti dengan fraksi yang lebih berat dibawahnya. Pada tray (sekat dalam
kolom) komponen itu akan terkumpul sesuai fraksinya masing-masing.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada setiap tingkatan atau fraksi
yang terkumpul kemudian dipompakan keluar kolom, didinginkan dalam bak
pendingin, lalu ditampung dalam tanki produknya masing-masing. Produk ini belum
bisa langsung dipakai, karena masih harus ditambahkan aditif (zat penambah).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">2. Cracking</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cracking adalah penguraian
(pemecahan) molekul-molekul senyawa hidrokarbon yang besar menjadi
molekul-molekul senyawa yang lebih kecil. Terdapat dua cara proses cracking,
yaitu :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cara panas (thermal cracking), adalah proses
cracking dengan menggunakan suhu tinggi serta tekanan rendah.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Cara katalis (catalytic cracking) adalah proses
cracking dengan menggunakan bubuk katalis platina atau molybdenum oksida.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">3. Reforming</i></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reforming adalah pengubahan bentuk
molekul bensin yang bermutu kurang baik (rantai karbon lurus) menjadi bensin
yang bermutu lebih baik (rantai karbon bercabang).</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">4. Polimerisasi</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Polimerisasi adalah proses
penggabungan molekul-molekul kecil menjadi molekul besar.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">5. Treating</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Treating adalah proses pemurnian minyak bumi dengan cara menghilangkan
pengotor-pengotornya. Cara-cara proses treating sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Copper sweetening dan doctor treating </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Acid treatment</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Desulfurizing (desulfurisasi)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Blending</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
Bensin
merupakan contoh hasil minyak bumi yang banyak digunakan di dunia. Untuk
memperoleh kualitas bensin yang baik dilakukan blending (pencampuran), terdapat
sekitar 22 bahan pencampur (zat aditif) yang dapat ditambahkan ke dalam proses
pengolahannya.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">KLASIFIKASI MINYAK BUMI</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Karena setiap lapangan minyak
menghasilkan minyak mentah yang berbeda, maka perlu adanya suatu klasifikasi
untuk menentukan golongan-golongan minyak mentah sehingga dapat diperoleh satu
gambaran mengenai produk-prodk yang sekiranya dapat dihasilkan dari setiap
golongan minyak mentah</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ArialRoundedMTBold","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialRoundedMTBold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan
Grafitas API (Berat Jenis)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Merupakan klasifikasi yang paling sederhana.Jika gravitas API minyak
mentah tinggi atau berat jenis mentah rendah, maka ada kecenderungan bahwa
minyak mentah tersebut mengandung fraksi ringan dalam jumlah yang sangat besar.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Minyak mentah dengan gravitas 35o API biasanya
lebih berharga daripada minyak mentah dengan gravitas 30oAPI.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Berdasarkan gravitas API atau berat jenis,minyak mentah dibagi ke
dalam lima jenis menyak mentah yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1) Minyak mentah ringan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2) Minyak mentah ringan sedang</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3) Minyak mentah berat sedang</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4) Minyak mentah berat</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5) Minyak mentah sangat berat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ArialRoundedMTBold","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialRoundedMTBold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan
Kandungan Malam dan Aspal</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada permulaan perkembangan industry minyak bumi ternyata bahwa minyak
mentahdari Pennsylvania mengandung malam paraffin dan tidak mengandung minyak
aspal Minyak mentah dari California mengandng aspal dan tidak mengandung malam
parafin</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Minyak mentah dari Mid continent mengandung
baik malam parafin maupun aspal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sehingga berdasarkan kandungan malam paraffin dan aspal minyak mentah
dapat dibagi ke dalam tiga golongan, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1) Minyak mentah dasar parafin</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2) Minyak mentah dasar aspal (naften)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3) Minyak mentah dasar campuran atau tengahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sebagian besar minyak mentah, sekitar 90%
termasuk dalam golongan minyak mentah dasar campuran, sedang 10% lainnya
termasuk dalam golongan minyak mentah dasar parafin dan aspal.</span><span style="font-size: 30.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dengan semakin banyak ditemukannya lapangan minyak baru, ternyata ada
beberapa minyak bumi yang kaya akan senyawa aromat, sehingga timbul golongan
dasar minyak mentah yang baru yaitu golongan dasar aromat.Minyak mentah juga
diberi nama lapangan atau daerah dimana minyak mentah itu ditemukan,misalnya
minyak mentah Minas, minyak mentahDuri, minyak mentah Ranau, minyak mentah
Lirik,minyak mentah Sumatera Selatan, minyakmentah Kawengan, minyak mentah
Ledok,minyak mentah Tanjung dan lainnya.</span></div>
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Komposisi Kimia</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Klasifikasi
ini diajukan oleh Sanchen, yang mempunyai daerah antara 250°C -300°C, seperti
terlihat pada tabel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesulitan dalam klasifikasi ini adalah bahwa fraksi yang mendidih di
atas 200oC,molekul-molukulnya jarang terdapat dalam keadaan murni tetapi dalam
gabungan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ArialRoundedMTBold","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialRoundedMTBold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menurut US
BUREAU Of MINES</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Merupakan klasifikasi yang banyak digunakan saat ini.Sebagai dasar
klasifikasi digunakan gravitas API fraksi kunci nomer 1 dan 2, yang diperoleh
dengan alat distilasi Hample Standar.Fraksi kunci nomer 1 adalah fraksi minyak
bumi yang mendidih pada suhu antara 482-527oF atau antara 250-275oC pada tekana
1 atm527 F </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Fraksi kunci nomer 2 mendidih pada suhu antara 527-572oF atau
275-300oC pada tekanan 40 mmHg.Fraksi kunci nomer 1 termasuk dalam fraksi
kerosin,sedang fraksi kunci nomer 2 termasuk dalam fraksi minyak pelumas</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Terdapat sembilan kemngkinan golongan dasar minyak mentah</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Meskipun secara teoritis ada sembilan golongan dasar minyak
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TB semula didefinisikan sebagai titik didih rerata molal, kemudian
berubah menjadi titik didik rerata kubik, dan akhirnya menjadi titik didih
rerata tengahan dalam oR, dan S adalah berat jenis pada 60oF/60oF.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Klasifikasi
ini juga berlaku untuk fraksi minyak bumi lurus (straight runfractions).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adapun golongannnya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1) Minyak mentah dasar parafin : K > 12,1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2) Minyak mentah dasar tengahan : K = 11,5 – 12,1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3) Minyak mentah dasar naften : K = 10,5 – 11,45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4) Minyak mentah dasar aromat: K <10,5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "ArialRoundedMTBold","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialRoundedMTBold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan
Indeks Korelasi</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dikembankan oleh HM Smith dari US Bureau of Mines</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Juga berlaku untuk fraksi minyak bumi Indeks diperoleh dengan cara
menlukiskan kebalikan titik didih rerata volumetik suatu fraksi terhadap berat
jenis pada 60oF/60oF di dalam suatu diagram referensi dimana di dalam diagram itu
terdapat garis-garis untuk setiap jenis hidrokarbon. Untuk senyawa HC parafin
normal garis ini diberi angka nol, sedangkan untuk benzen diberi angka 100.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "ArialRoundedMTBold","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialRoundedMTBold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Klasifikasi
Lainnya</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Klasifikasi berdarsarkan kandungan belerang Digolongkan
menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1) Minyak mentah dengankandngan rendah (< 0,1%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2) Minyak mentah dengan kandngan sedang (0,1-1%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3) Minyak mentah dengan kandngan tinggi (> 1%)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Selain itu dapat digoongakn dalam minyak mentah masam(sour
crude) dan minyak mentah manis (sweet crude) tidak didasarkan kandungan
belerang, tetapi kandungan hydrogen sulfid. Batas kandngan hidrogen sulfid
adalah 0,05ft3/100 galon minyak mentah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">FRAKSI MINYAK BUMI</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Senyawa hidrokarbon, terutama parafinik dan aromatik, mempunyai trayek
didih masing-masing, dimana panjang rantai hidrokarbon berbanding lurus dengan
titik didih dan densitasnya. Semakin panjang rantai hidrokarbon maka trayek
didih dan densitasnya semakin besar. Jumlah atom karbon dalam rantai
hidrokarbon bervariasi. Untuk dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan bakar maka
dikelompokkan menjadi beberapa fraksi atau tingkatan dengan urutan sederhana
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PRODUK PENGOLAHAN MINYAK BUMI dan
MANFAATNYA </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Keberadaan minyak bumi dan berbagai macam produk olahannya memiliki manfaat
yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari, sebagai contoh penggunaan
minyak tanah, gas, dan bensin. Tanpa ketiga produk hasil olahan minyak bumi
tersebut mungkin kegiatan pendidikan, perekonomian, pertanian, dan aspek-aspek
lainnya tidak akan dapat berjalan lancar. Dibawah ini adalah beberapa produk
hasil olahan minyak bumi beserta pemanfaatannya:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1<u>. Bahan bakar gas</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan bakar gas terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) dan LPG
(Liquified Petroleum Gas)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahan baker gas biasa digunakan untuk
keperluan rumah tangga dan indusri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Elpiji, LPG (liquified petroleum
gas,harfiah: "gas minyak bumi yang dicairkan"), adalah campuran dari
berbagai unsur hidrokarbon yang berasal darigas alam. Dengan menambah tekanan
dan menurunkan suhunya, gas berubah menjadi cair. Komponennya didominasi
propana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan butana . Elpiji juga
mengandung hidrokarbon ringan lain dalam jumlah kecil, misalnya etana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan pentana .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam kondisi atmosfer, elpiji akan
berbentuk gas. Volume elpiji dalam bentuk cair lebih kecil dibandingkan dalam
bentuk gas untuk berat yang sama. Karena itu elpiji dipasarkan dalam bentuk
cair dalam tabung-tabung logam bertekanan. Untuk memungkinkan terjadinya
ekspansi panas (thermal expansion) dari cairan yang dikandungnya, tabung elpiji
tidak diisi secara penuh, hanya sekitar 80-85% dari kapasitasnya. Rasio antara
volume gas bila menguap dengan gas dalam keadaan cair bervariasi tergantung
komposisi, tekanan dan temperatur, tetapi biasaya sekitar 250:1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tekanan di mana elpiji berbentuk cair,
dinamakan tekanan uap-nya, juga bervariasi tergantung komposisi dan temperatur;
sebagai contoh, dibutuhkan tekanan sekitar 220 kPa (2.2 bar) bagi butana murni
pada 20 °C (68 °F) agar mencair, dan sekitar 2.2 MPa (22 bar) bagi propana
murni pada 55°C (131 °F).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut spesifikasinya, elpiji dibagi menjadi
tiga jenis yaitu elpiji campuran, elpiji propana dan elpiji butana. Spesifikasi
masing-masing elpiji tercantum dalam keputusan Direktur Jendral Minyak dan Gas
Bumi Nomor: 25K/36/DDJM/1990. Elpiji yang dipasarkan Pertamina adalah elpiji
campuran.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sifat
elpiji</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sifat elpiji terutama adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Cairan dan gasnya sangat mudah terbakar </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gas tidak beracun, tidak berwarna dan
biasanya berbau menyengat </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gas dikirimkan sebagai cairan yang
bertekanan di dalam tangki atau silinder. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Cairan dapat menguap jika dilepas dan
menyebar dengan cepat. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gas ini lebih berat dibanding udara
sehingga akan banyak menempati daerah yang rendah. </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penggunaan
elpiji</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penggunaan Elpiji di Indonesia terutama adalah
sebagai bahan bakar alat dapur (terutama kompor gas). Selain sebagai bahan
bakar alat dapur, Elpiji juga cukup banyak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar
kendaraan bermotor (walaupun mesin kendaraannya harus dimodifikasi terlebih
dahulu).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bahaya
elpiji</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah satu resiko penggunaan elpiji adalah
terjadinya kebocoran pada tabung atau instalasi gas sehingga bila terkena api
dapat menyebabkan kebakaran. Pada awalnya, gas elpiji tidak berbau, tapi bila
demikian akan sulit dideteksi apabila terjadi kebocoran pada tabung gas.
Menyadari itu Pertamina menambahkan gas mercaptan, yang baunya khas dan menusuk
hidung. Langkah itu sangat berguna untuk mendeteksi bila terjadi kebocoran
tabung gas. Tekanan elpiji cukup besar (tekanan uap sekitar 120 psig), sehingga
kebocoran elpiji akan membentuk gas secara cepat dan merubah volumenya menjadi
lebih besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sumber:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpiji"</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2. Naptha atau Petroleum eter, biasa
digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam industri.</span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3. Gasolin (bensin), biasa digunakan
sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor</span></u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4. Kerosin (minyak tanah</span></u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">), </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Biasa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk
keperluan rumah tangga. Selain itu kerosin juga digunakan sebagai bahan baku
pembuatan bensin melalui proses cracking.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Minyak tanah (bahasa Inggris: kerosene atau
paraffin) adalah cairan hidrokarbon yang tak berwarna dan mudah terbakar. Dia
diperoleh dengan cara distilasi fraksional dari petroleum pada 150°C and 275°C
(rantai karbon dari C12 sampai C15). Pada suatu waktu dia banyak digunakan
dalam lampu minyak tanah tetapi sekarang utamanya digunakan sebagai bahan bakar
mesin jet (lebih teknikal Avtur, Jet-A, Jet-B, JP-4 atau JP-8). Sebuah bentuk
dari kerosene dikenal sebagai RP-1dibakar dengan oksigen cair sebagai bahan
bakar roket. Nama kerosene diturunkan dari bahasa Yunani keros (κερωσ, wax ).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biasanya, kerosene didistilasi langsung dari
minyak mentah membutuhkan perawatan khusus, dalam sebuah unit Merox atau,
hidrotreater untuk mengurangi kadar belerangnya dan pengaratannya. Kerosene
dapat juga diproduksi oleh hidrocracker, yang digunakan untuk mengupgrade
bagian dari minyak mentah yang akan bagus untuk bahan bakar minyak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penggunaanya sebagai bahan bakar untuk memasak
terbatas di negara berkembang, di mana dia kurang disuling dan mengandung
ketidakmurnian dan bahkan "debris".</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bahan bakar mesin jet adalah kerosene yang
mencapai spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama titik asap dan titik beku.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kegunaan
lain</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kerosene biasa di gunakan untuk membasmi
serangga seperti semut dan mengusir kecoa. Kadang di gunakan juga sebagai
campuran dalam cairan pembasmi serangga seperti pada merk/ brand baygone.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5. Minyak solar atau minyak diesel</span></u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">, </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">biasa digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk
mesin diesel pada kendaraan bermotor seperti bus, truk, kereta api dan traktor.
Selain itu, minyak solar juga digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan bensin
melalui proses cracking.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6. Minyak pelumas, biasa digunakan untuk
lubrikasi mesin-mesin.</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7<u>. Residu minyak bumi</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">yang terdiri dari :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Parafin ,
digunakan dalam proses pembuatan obat-obatan, kosmetika, tutup botol, industri
tenun menenun, korek api, lilin batik, dan masih banyak lagi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Aspal ,
digunakan sebagai pengeras jalan raya</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DAMPAK PENGGUNAAN MINYAK BUMI </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Secara umum, kegiatan eksploitasi dan
pemakaian sumber energi dari alam untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia akan selalu
menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan (misalnya udara dan iklim, air
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fosil terhadap manusia dan lingkungan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DAMPAK TERHADAP CUACA DAN IKLIM</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1. Pencemaran udara</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pencemaran udara berhubungan dengan
pencemaran atmosfer bumi. Atmosfer merupakan lapisan udara yang menyelubungi
bumi sampai ketinggian 300 km. Sumber pencemaran udara berasal dari kegiatan
alami dan aktivitas manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pencemaran udara berhubungan dengan
pencemaran atmosfer bumi. Atmosfer merupakan lapisan udara yang menyelubungi
bumi sampai ketinggian 300 km. Sumber pencemaran udara berasal dari kegiatan
alami dan aktivitas manusia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sumber pencemaran udara di setiap wilayah
atau daerah berbeda-beda. Sumber pencemaran udara berasal dari kendaraan
bermotor, kegiatan rumah tangga, dan industri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dampak pencemaran udara dapat berskala
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udara berdampak pada kesehatan manusia. Misalnya, udara yang tercemar gas
karbon monoksida (CO) jika dihirup seseorang akan menimbulkan keracunan, jika
orang tersebut terlambat ditolong dapat mengakibatkan kematian. Dampak
pencemaran udara berskala makro, misalnya fenomena hujan asam dalam skala
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Karbon
dioksida (CO2)</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pembakaran bahan bakar fosil seperti
batubara, minyak, dan gas alam telah lama dilakukan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan
manusia terhadap energi. Misalnya untuk berbagai keperluan rumah tangga,
industri, dan pertanian. Ketika bahan bakar minyak tersebut dibakar, karbon
dioksida dilepaskan ke udara. Data yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa jumlah
karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan ke udara terus mengalami peningkatan. Apakah
dampak peningkatan CO2 terhadap lingkungan?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Karbon
monoksida (CO)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gas karbon monoksida (CO) merupakan gas
yang tidak berbau, tidak berasa, dan tidak stabil. Karbon monoksida yang berada
di kota besar sebagian besar berasal dari pembuangan gas kendaraan bermotor
yang gas-gas pembakarannya tidak sempurna. Selain itu, karbon monoksida dapat
berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil serta proses industri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Karbon monoksida dalam tubuh manusia
lebih cepat berikatan dengan hemoglobin daripada oksigen. Jika di udara
terdapat karbon monoksida, oksigen akan kalah cepat berikatan dengan
hemoglobin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Beberapa orang akan menderita defisiensi
oksigen dalam jaringan tubuhnya ketika haemoglobin darahnya berikatan dengan
karbon monoksida sebesar 5%. Seorang perokok haemoglobin darahnya sering
ditemukan mengandung karbon monoksida lebih dari 10%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Defisiensi oksigen dalam tubuh dapat
menyebabkan seseorang menderita sakit kepala dan pusing. Kandungan karbon
monoksida yang mencapai 0.1.% di udara dapat mengganggu metabolisme tubuh
organisme. Oleh karena itu, ketika memanaskan mesin kendaraan di dalam garasi
sebaiknya pintu garasi dibuka agar gas CO yang terbentuk tidak terakumulasi di
dalam ruangan dan terhirup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sulfur
dioksida</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sulfur dioksida dilepaskan ke udara
ketika terjadi pembakaran bahan bakar fosil dan pelelehan biji logam.
Konsentrasi SO2 yang masih diijinkan ialah antara 0.3 sampai 1.0 mg m-3. Akan
tetapi, di daerah yang dekat dengan industri berat, konsentrasi senyawa
tersebut menjadi lebih tinggi, yaitu 3.000 mg m-3 .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Peningkatan konsentrasi sulfur di
atmosfer dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan pada manusia, terutama
menyebabkan penyakit bronkitis, radang paru-paru (pneumonia), dan gagal
jantung. Partikel-partikel ini biasanya sulit dibersihkan bila sudah mencapai
alveoli sehingga menyebabkan iritasi dan mengganggu pertukaran gas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pencemaran sulfur (sulfur oksida) di
sekitar daerah pencairan tembaga dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada vegetasi
hingga mencapai jarak beberapa kilometer jauhnya. Tumbuhan mengabsorbsi sulfur
dioksida dari udara melalui stomata. Tingginya konsentrasi sulfur dioksida di
udara seringkali menimbulkan kerusakan pada tanaman pertanian dan perkebunan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nitrogen
oksida</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Nitrogen oksida memainkan peranan penting
di dalam penyusunan jelaga fotokimia. Nitrogen dioksida dihasilkan oleh gas
buangan kendaraan bermotor. Peroksiasil nitrat yang dibentuk di dalam jelaga
sering menyebabkan iritasi pada mata dan paru-paru. Selain itu, bahan polutan
tersebut dapat merusak tumbuhan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Hujan asam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dua gas yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran
mesin kendaraan serta pembangkit listrik tenaga disel dan batubara yang utama
adalah sulfur dioksida (SO2) dan nitrogen dioksida (NO2). Gas yang dihasilkan
tersebut bereaksi di udara membentuk asam yang jatuh ke bumi bersama dengan
hujan dan salju. Misalnya, sulfur dioksida berreaksi dengan oksigen membentuk
sulfur trioksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sulfur trioksida kemudian bereaksi dengan
uap air membentuk asam sulfat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">SO3 + H2O H2SO4</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Uap air yang telah mengandung asam ini
menjadi bagian dari awan yang akhirnya turun ke bumi sebagai hujan asam atau
salju asam. Hujan asam dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan, tanaman pertanian,
dan perkebunan. Hujan asam juga akan mengakibatkan berkaratnya benda-benda yang
terbuat dari logam, misalnya jembatan dan rel kereta api, serta rusaknya
berbagai bangunan. Selain itu, hujan asam akan menyebabkan penurunan pH tanah,
sungai, dan danau, sehingga mempengaruhi kehidupan organisme tanah, air, serta
kesehatan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Efek rumah
kaca (green house effect)</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Efek rumah kaca merupakan gejala
peningkatan suhu dipemukaan bumi yang terjadi karena meningkatnya kadar CO2
(karbon dioksida) di atmosfer. Gejala ini disebut efek rumah kaca karena
diumpamakan dengan fenomena yang terjadi di dalam rumah kaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Pada rumah kaca, sinar matahari dapat
dengan mudah masuk ke dalamnya. Sebagian sinar matahari tersebut digunakan oleh
tumbuhan dan sebagian lagi dipantulkan kembali ke arah kaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sinar yang dipantulkan ini tidak dapat
keluar dari rumah kaca dan mengalami pemantulan berulang-ulang. Energi yang
dihasilkan meningkatkan suhu rumah kaca sehingga rumah kaca menjadi panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Di bumi, radiasi panas yang berasal dari
matahari ke bumi diumpamakan seperti menembus dinding kaca rumah kaca. Radiasi
panas tersebut tidak diserap seluruhnya oleh bumi. Sebagian radiasi dipantulkan
oleh benda-benda yang berada di permukaan bumi ke ruang angkasa. Radiasi panas
yang dipantulkan kembali ke ruang angkasa merupakan radiasi infra merah.
Sebagian radiasi infra merah tersebut dapat diserap oleh gas penyerap panas
(disebut: gas rumah kaca). Gas penyerap panas yang paling penting di atmosfer
adalah H2O dan CO2. Seperti kaca dalam rumah kaca, H2O dan CO2 tidak dapat
menyerap seluruh radiasi infra merah sehingga sebagian radiasi tersebut
dipantulkan kembali ke bumi. Keadaan inilah yang menyebabkan suhu di permukaan
bumi meningkat atau yang disebut dengan pemanasan global (global warning).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kenaikan suhu menyebabkan mencairnya
gunung es di kutub utara dan selatan. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan naiknya
permukaan air laut, sehingga menyebabkan berbagai kota dan wilayah pinggir laut
akan tenggelam, sedangkan daerah yang kering menjadi semakin kering. Efek rumah
kaca menimbulkan perubahan iklim, misalnya suhu bumi meningkat rata-rata 3°C
sampai 4°C pada abad ke-21, kekeringan atau curah hujan yang tinggi di berbagai
tempat dapat mempengaruhi produktivitas budidaya pertanian, peternakan,
perikanan, dan kehidupan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penipisan
lapisan ozon</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Lapisan ozon (O3) adalah lapisan gas yang
menyelimuti bumi pada ketinggian ± 30 km diatas bumi. Lapisan ozon terdapat pada
lapisan atmosfer yang disebut stratosfer. Lapisan ozon ini berfungsi menahan
99% radiasi sinar Ultra violet (UV) yang dipancarkan ke matahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gas CFC (Chloro Fluoro Carbon) yang
berasal dari produk aerosol (gas penyemprot), mesin pendingin dan proses
pembuatan plastik atau karet busa, jika sampai ke lapisan stratosfer akan
berikatan dengan ozon. CFC yang berikatan dengan ozon menyebabkan terurainya
molekul ozon sehingga terjadi kerusakan lapisan ozon, berupa penipisan lapisan
ozon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Penipisan lapisan ozon di beberapa tempat
telah membentuk lubang seperti di atas Antartika dan kutub Utara. Lubang ini
akan mengurangi fungsi lapisan ozon sebagai penahan sinar UV. Sinar UV yang
sampai ke bumi akan menyebakan kerusakan pada kehidupan di bumi. Kerusakan tersebut
antara lain gangguan pada rantai makanan di laut, serta kerusakan tanaman
budidaya pertanian, perkebunan, serta mempengaruhi kesehatan manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Radiasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Makhluk hidup sudah lama menjadi objek
dari bermacammacam bentuk radiasi. Misalnya, radiasi matahari yang mengandung
sinar ultraviolet dan gelombang infra merah. Selain berasal dari matahari,
radiasi dapat juga berasal dari luar angkasa, berupa sinar kosmis dan
mineral-mineral radioaktif dalam batubatuan. Akan tetapi bentuk radiasi akibat
aktivitas manusia akan menimbulkan polusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bentuk-bentuk radiasi berupa kegiatan uji
coba bom nuklir dan penggunaan bom nuklir oleh manusia dapat berupa gelombang
elektromagnetik dan partikel subatomik. Kedua macam bentuk radiasi tersebut
dapat mengancam kehidupan makhluk hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dampak radiasi dapat dilihat pada tingkat
genetik dan sel tubuh. Dampak genetik pada interfase menyebabkan terjadinya
perubahan gen pada AND atau dikenal sebagai mutasi gen. Dampak somatik (sel
tubuh) adalah seseorang memiliki otak yang lebih kecil daripada ukuran normal,
cacat mental, dan gangguan fisik lainnya serta leukemia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dampak Terhadap Perairan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Eksploitasi minyak bumi, khususnya cara
penampungan dan pengangkutan minyak bumi yang tidak layak, misalnya: bocornya
tangker minyak atau kecelakaan lain akan mengakibatkan tumpahnya minyak (ke
laut, sungai atau air tanah) dapat menyebabkan pencemaran perairan. Pada
dasarnya pencemaran tersebut disebabkan oleh kesalahan manusia. Pencemaran air
oleh minyak bumi umumnya disebabkan oleh pembuangan minyak pelumas secara
sembarangan. Di laut sering terjadi pencemaran oleh minyak dari tangki yang
bocor. Adanya minyak pada permukaan air menghalangi kontak antara air dengan
udara sehingga kadar oksigen berkurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dampak Terhadap Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Dampak penggunaan energi terhadap
tanahdapat diketahui, misalnya dari pertambahan batu bara. Msalah yang
berkaitan dengan lapisan tanah muncul terutama dalam pertambangan terbuka (Open
Pit MiniJika terhirup dan masuk ke tubuh, sebagian besar akan ditimbun dalam
tulang. Ketika orang mengalami stres, pebe diremobilisasi dari tulang dan masuk
ke peredaran darah sehingga menimbulkan risiko keracunan. Dalam jangka panjang,
penimbunan pebe bisa berbahaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">BENSIN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bensin adalah salah satu jenis bahan
bakar minyak yang dimaksudkan untuk kendaraan bermoto roda dua, tiga, atau
empat. Dewasa ini, tersedia 3 jenis bensin, yaitu premium, petamax, dan peamax
plus. Ketiganya mempunyai mutu atau peformance yang berbeda. Adapun mutu bahan
bakar bensin dikaitkan dengan jumlah ketukan (knocking) yang ditimbulkannya dan
dinyatakn dengan nilai oktan. Semakin sedikit ketukannya, semakin baik mutunya,
dan semakin tinggi nilai oktannya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketukan adalah suatu perilaku yang kurang
baik dari bahan baka, yaiu pembakaran menjadi terlalu dini sebelum piston berada
pada posisi yang tepat. Ketukan menyebabkan mesin menggelitik, mengurangi
efisiensi bahan bakar dan dapat merusak mesin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Untuk menentukan nilai oktan, dietapkan
dua jenis senyawa sebagai pembanding yaitu ”isooktana” dan n-hepatana. Kedua
senyawa ini adalah dua diantara banyak macam senyawa yang tedapat dalam bensin.
Isooktana menghasilkan ketukan palin sedikit dan dibei nilai oktan 100.
sedangkan n-heptana menyebabkan keukan paling banyak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pertamax mempunyai nilai oktan 92, bearti mutu
bahan bakar itu setara denagn campuran 92% isooktana dan 8% n-heptana. Premium
mempunyai nilai oktan 88. sedangakan pertamax plus mempunyai nilai 94.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bilangan oktan bensin dapat juga
ditingkatkan dengan cara menambah zat aditif antiketukan, seperti TEL, MTBE,
dan etanol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1.
Tetraethyl lead (TEL)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah satu anti ketukan yang hingga kini masih
digunakan di negara kita adalah Tetraethyl lead (TEL, lead = timbel atau timah
hitam) yang rurmus kimianya Pb(C2H5)4. Untuk mengubah Pb dari bentuk padat
menjadi gas, pada bensin yang mengandung TEL ditambahkan zat aditif lain, yaitu
etilen bromide (C2H2Br). Penambahan 2 – 3 mL zat ini ke dalam 1 galon bensin
dapat menaikkan nilai oktan sebesar 15 poin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2. Methyl Tertier Butyl Ether (MTBE)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Methyl Tertier Butyl Ether (MTBE) Senyawa
MTBE memiliki bilangan oktan 118. Senyawa MTBE ini lebih aman dibandingkan TEL
karena tidak mengandung logam timbel. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3.
Etanol</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Etanol dengan bilangan oktan 123 merupakan zat
aditif yang dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pembakaran bensin. Etanol lebih unggul
dibandingkan TEL dan MTBE karena tidak mencemari udara dengan logam timbel dan
lebih mudah diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">BAB III</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PENUTUP</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">A. Kesimpulan</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Minyak bumi terbentuk dari sisa fosil
mahkluk hidup yang tertimbun jutaan tahun yang lalu. Pengambilan minyak bumi
dilakukan di kilang minyak. Kemudian di fraksionisasikan sesuai titik didihnya.
Minyak bumi memiliki peranan penting bagu kehidupan, baik sebagai sumber energi
maupun sebagai bahan baku industri petrokimia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">B. Saran</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Minyak bumi merupakan sumber daya alam
yang tidak dapat dipebarui. Kini keberadaanya sudah hampir habis. Oleh karena
itu, penggunaannya harus dihemat. Penggunaan bahan olahan minyak bumi juga
memiliki efek samping. Seprti gas buangan dari mesin yang mengunakan bahan
olahan minyak bumi. Asap tersebut merupakan indikasi pencemaran udara dan
memperburuk kondisi dunia yang mengalami global warming.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-smk/kelas_xi/minyak-bumi/">http://www.chem-is-try.org/materi_kimia/kimia-smk/kelas_xi/minyak-bumi/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2012/05/daerah-penambangan-minyak-bumi-di.html#.UF2wwYFFv4Q">http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2012/05/daerah-penambangan-minyak-bumi-di.html#.UF2wwYFFv4Q</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=SUMBER+MINYAK+BUMI+DI+INDONESIA">http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=SUMBER+MINYAK+BUMI+DI+INDONESIA</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://txcrz.blogspot.com/2011/08/makalah-kimia-minyak-bumi.html">http://txcrz.blogspot.com/2011/08/makalah-kimia-minyak-bumi.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://rovicky.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/proses-pembentukan-minyak-bumi/">http://rovicky.wordpress.com/2008/02/21/proses-pembentukan-minyak-bumi/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://herirustamaji.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/lec4_klasifikasi-minyak-bumi.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">http://herirustamaji.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/lec4_klasifikasi-minyak-bumi.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMASTER%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><a href="http://kimiadahsyat.blogspot.com/2009/06/dampak-penggunaan-minyak-bumi.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">http://kimiadahsyat.blogspot.com/2009/06/dampak-penggunaan-minyak-bumi.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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</span></span></span><a href="http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2008/Riski%20Septiadevana%200606249_IE6.0/halaman_17.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2008/Riski%20Septiadevana%200606249_IE6.0/halaman_17.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Saturday, September 22, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10:00:01 PM</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-90818342672970154552012-08-26T00:45:00.004-07:002012-08-26T00:47:56.718-07:00uji organoleptik<br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "John Handy LET"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tugas Sensorik Evaluation</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "John Handy LET"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">PENGUJIAN ORGANOLEPTIK PADA INDUSTRI PANGAN</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nama</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">: Laili Hidayah</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelas</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 3 TPHP 3</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">No.</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 24</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">NIS</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">: 7134</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-size: small;">PengujiaN</span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">
ORGANOLEPTIK PADA INDUSTRI PANGAN</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uji organoleptik biasa
dilakukan di</span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan" title="Perusahaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">perusahaan</span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">, kegunaannya adalah untuk
menilai mutu </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_mentah" title="Bahan mentah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">bahan mentah</span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> yang digunakan untuk
pengolahan dan formula yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan produk. Selain itu,
dengan adanya uji organoleptik, produsen dapat mengendalikan proses </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produksi" title="Produksi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">produksi</span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> dengan menjaga </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsistensi" title="Konsistensi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">konsistensi</span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> mutu dan menetapkan standar
tingkat atau kelas-kelas </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutu" title="Mutu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">mutu</span></span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">. Produsen juga dapat
meningkatkan keuntungannya dengan cara mengembangkan produk baru, meluaskan
pasaran, atau dengan mengarah ke segmen pasar tertentu. Dengan uji
organoleptik, produsen juga dapat membandingkan mutu produknya dengan produk
pesaingnya sehingga dapat memperbaiki kekurangan produknya dengan cara
menyeleksi bahan mentah atau formulasi dari berbagai pilihan atau tawaran.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Penilaian dengan indra juga
disebut Penilaian Organoleptik atau Penilaian Sensorik merupakan suatu cara
penilaian yang paling primitif. Penilaian dengan indra menjadi </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">bidang ilmu </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">setelah prosedur penilaian
dibakukan, dirasionalkan, dihubungkan dengan penilaian secara obyektif, analisa
data mejadi lebih sistematis, demikian pula metoda statistik digunakan dalam
analisa serta pengambilan keputusan. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Penilaian
organoleptik sangat banyak digunakan untuk menilai mutu dalam industri pangan
dan industri hasil pertanian lainnya. Kadang-kadang penilaian ini dapat memberi
hasil penilaian yang sangat teliti. Dalam beberapa hal penilaian dengan indera
bahkan melebihi ketelitian alat yang paling sensitif. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">B.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tujuan Uji Organoleptik Di
Industri Pangan</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tujuan
diadakannya uji organoleptik terkait langsung dengan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selera&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Selera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">selera</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Setiap orang di setiap daerah memiliki kecenderungan selera tertentu sehingga
produk yang akan dipasarkan harus disesuaikan dengan selera </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">masyarakat</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">
setempat. Selain itu disesuaikan pula dengan target </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsumen" title="Konsumen"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">konsumen</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
apakah </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak-anak" title="Anak-anak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">anak-anak</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> atau
orang </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewasa" title="Dewasa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">dewasa</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">.
Tujuan uji organoleptik adalah untuk</span><sup><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></sup><span style="font-size: small;">:</span></span><br />
<ul type="disc"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">pengembangan produk dan perluasan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar" title="Pasar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">pasar</span></span></a></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">pengawasan mutu --> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_mentah" title="Bahan mentah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">bahan mentah</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
produk, dan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komoditas" title="Komoditas"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">komoditas</span></span></a></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">perbaikan produk</span></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">membandingkan produk sendiri
dengan produk pesaing</span></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">evaluasi penggunaan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan" title="Bahan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">bahan</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
formulasi, dan peralatan baru.</span></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></ul>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Syarat
Uji Organoleptik</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Syarat
agar dapat disebut uji organoleptik adalah:</span></span><br />
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">ada contoh yang diuji yaitu benda
perangsang</span></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">ada panelis sebagai pemroses </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respon" title="Respon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">respon</span></span></a></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">ada pernyataan respon yang jujur,
yaitu respon yang </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontan" title="Spontan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">spontan</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">, tanpa penalaran, </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imaginasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Imaginasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">imaginasi</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">, asosiasi, </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusi" title="Ilusi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">ilusi</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">,
atau meniru orang lain.</span></span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></ul>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">D.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelebihan
dan Kelemahan</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uji
organoleptik memiliki relevansi yang tinggi dengan mutu produk karena
berhubungan langsung dengan selera konsumen. Selain itu, metode ini cukup mudah
dan cepat untuk dilakukan, hasil pengukuran dan pengamatannya juga cepat
diperoleh. Dengan demikian, uji organoleptik dapat membantu analisis usaha
untuk meningkatkan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produksi" title="Produksi"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">produksi</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> atau pemasarannya. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uji
organoleptik juga memiliki kelemahan dan keterbatasan akibat beberapa sifat </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indrawi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Indrawi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">indrawi</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> tidak dapat dideskripsikan. Manusia
merupakan panelis yang kadang-kadang dapat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisik" title="Fisik"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">fisik</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> dan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Mental (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">mental</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">, sehingga panelis dapat menjadi </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenuh&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jenuh (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">jenuh</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> dan menurun kepekaannya. Selain itu dapat
terjadi pula salah </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">komunikasi</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;"> antara </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manajer" title="Manajer"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">manajer</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">
dan </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panelis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Panelis (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">panelis</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">E.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">SARANA DAN PRASARANA</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Panel </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Untuk penilaian mutu atau
analisa sifat-sifat sensorik suatu komoditi panel bertindak sebagai instrumen
atau alat. Panel adalah satu atau sekelompok orang yang bertugas untuk menilai
sifat atau mutu benda berdasarkan kesan subyektif. Jadi penilaian makanan
secara panel adalah berdasarkan kesan subyektif dari para panelis dengan
orosedur sensorik tertentu yang harus dituruti. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dalam penilaian organoleptik
dikenal beberapa macam panel. Penggunaan panel-panel ini dapat berbeda
tergantung dari tujuannya.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Ada 6 macam panel yang biasa digunakan, yaitu
: </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">1) Pencicip perorangan (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">individual expert</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">). </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">2) Panel pencicip terbatas (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">small expert panel</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">). </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">3) Panel terlatih (trained
panel). </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">4) Panel takterlatih (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">untrained panel</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">). </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">5) Panel agak terlatih. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">6) Panel konsumen (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">consumer panel)</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Laboratorium Penilaian Organoleptik </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Laboratorium penilaian
organoleptik adalah suatu laboratorium yang menggunakan manusia sebagai alat
pengukur berdasarkan kemampuan penginderaannya. Laboratorium ini perlu
persyaratan tertentu agar diperoleh reaksi kejiwaan yang jujur dan murni tanpa
pengaruh faktor-faktor lain. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unsur-Unsur
Penting dalam Laboratorium Penilaian Organoleptik </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">a. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Suasana : meliputi kebersihan, ketenangan,
menyenangkan, kerapihan, teratur serta cara penyajian yang estetis.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">b. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Ruang : meliputi ruang penyiapan sampel /
dapur, ruang pencicipan, ruang tunggu para panelis dan ruang pertemuan para
panelis </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">c. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Peralatan dan Sarana : meliputi alat penyiapan
sampel, alat penyajian sampel, dan alat komunikasi (sistem lampu, format isian,
format instruksi, alat tulis). </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persayaratan
Laboratorium Penilaian Organoleptik </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Untuk menjamin suasana
tenang seperti tersebut di atas diperlukan persyaratan persyaratan khusus di
dalam laboratorium. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">a. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Isolasi</span></i><span style="font-size: small;">
: agar tenang maka laboratorium harus terpisah dari ruang lain atau kegiatan
lain, pengadaan suasana santai di ruang tunggu, dan tiap anggota perlu bilik
pencicip tersendiri </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">b. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kedap
Suara</span></i><span style="font-size: small;"> : bilik pencicip harus kedap suara, laboratorium harus dibangun jauh
dari keramaian </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">c. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kadar
Bau</span></i><span style="font-size: small;"> : ruang penilaian harus bebas bau-bauan asing dari luar (bebas bau
parfum/rokok panelis), jauh dari pembuangan kotoran dan ruang pengolahan. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">d. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Suhu dan
Kelembaban</span></i><span style="font-size: small;"> : suhu ruang harus dibuat tetap seperti suhu kamar (20-250C) dan
kelembaban diataur sekitar 60%. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">e. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cahaya</span></i><span style="font-size: small;">
: cahaya dalam ruang tidak terlalu kuat dan tidak terlalu redup. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">3)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Bilik
Pencicip (Booth) </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Bilik pencicip terdapat
dalam ruang pencicipan, bilik ini berupa sekatan-sekatan dengan ukuran panjang
60-80 cm dan lebar 50-60 cm. Bilik pencicip berupa bilik yang terisolir dan
cukup untuk duduk satu orang panelis. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar tiap panelis
dapat melakukan penilaian secara individual. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tiap bilik pencicip
dilengkapi dengan : </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">a) Jendela (untuk memasukkan
sampel yang diuji); b) Meja (untuk menulis/mencatat kesan, tempat meletakkan
sampel, gelas air kumur); </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">c) Kursi bundar ; </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">d) Kran pipa air, penampung
air buangan. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">4)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Dapur Penyiapan Sampel </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dapur
penyiapan sampel harus terpisah tetapi tidak terlalu jauh dari ruang
pencicipan. Bau-bauan dari dapur tidak boleh mencemari ruang pencicipan.
Kesibukan penyiapan sampel tidak boleh terlihat atau terdengar panelis di ruang
pencicipan. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">F.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-size: small;">Persiapan Pengujian Organoleptik </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pengujian
organoleptik merupakan tim kerjasama yang diorganisasi secara rapi dan disiplin
serta dalam suasana antusiasme dan kesungguhan tetapi santai. Hal ini perlu
agar data penilaian dapat diandalkan. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">1) Organisasi Pengujian </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ada
4 unsur penting yang tersangkut dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan pengujian
organoleptik, yaitu : pengelola pengujian (disebut penguji), panel, seperangkat
sarana pengujian dan bahan yang dinilai. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">2) Komunikasi Penguji dan Panelis </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Keandalan
hasil penilaian atau kesan sangat tergantung pada ketepatan komunikasi antara pengelola
dengan panelis. Informasi diberikan secukupnya, tidak kurang agar dapat
dipahami panelis tetapi tidak berlebih supaya tidak bias. Ada tiga tingkat
komunikasi antara penguji dan panelis, yaitu : </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">a)
Penjelasan umum tentang :</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">pengertian praktis, kegunaan,
kepentingan, peranan dan tugas panelis. Hal ini diberikan dalam bentuk ceramah
atau diskusi. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">b)
Penjelasan khusus : </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">disesuaikan dengan jenis
komoditi tertentu, cara pengujian, dan tujuan pencicipan. Penjelasan ini
diberikan secara lisan menjelang pelaksanaan atau secara tulisan, 2 atau 3 hari
sebelum pelaksanaan. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">c)
Instruksi : </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">berisi pemberian tugas
kepada panelis untuk menyatakan kesan sensorik tiap melakukan pencicipan.
Instruksi harus jelas agar mudah dipahami, singkat agar cepat ditangkap artinya.
Instruksi dapat diberikan secara lisan segera sebelum masuk bilik pencicip,
atau secara tulisan dicetak dalam format pertanyaan. Format pertanyaan
(questioner) : harus memuat unsur-unsur format yang terdiri dari informasi,
instruksi dan responsi. Format pertanyaan harus disusun secara jelas, singkat
dan rapi.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">G.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="font-size: small;">Metoda Pengujian Organoleptik </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cara-cara
pengujian organoleptik dapat digolongkan dalam beberapa kelompok: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelompok
Pengujian Pembedaan (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">Defferent Test</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">)
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelompok
Pengujian Pemilihan/Penerimaan (</span><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">Preference
Test/Acceptance Test</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;">) </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelompok
Pengujian Skalar </span></span><br />
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kelompok Pengujian Diskripsi
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji_organoleptik"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji_organoleptik</span></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: small;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><a href="http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPMIPA/JUR._PEND._KIMIA/195109191980032-SUSIWI/SUSIWI-32)._Penilaian_Organoleptik.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPMIPA/JUR._PEND._KIMIA/195109191980032-SUSIWI/SUSIWI-32)._Penilaian_Organoleptik.pdf</span></span></a><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kamis,16 Agustus 2012</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">9:01 PM</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-66798480246573295852012-08-26T00:09:00.001-07:002012-08-26T00:09:23.585-07:00alasan mengapa kopi luwak bisa lebih enak dibanding kopi lain<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kopi Luwak adalah kopi yang telah
dipilih dan dimakan oleh luwak (<i>Paradoxorushermaproditus)</i> atau dikenal
juga sebagai luak, musang dan rase pada beberapa daerah. Luwak memilih buah
kopi yang mempunyai tingkat kematangan yang optimum berdasarkan rasa dan aroma
serta memakannya dengan mengupas kulit luarnya dengan mulut, lalu menelan
lendir serta bijinya. Biji kopi yang masih terbungkus kulit ari yang keras
(kulit tanduk/parchment) tidak hancur dalam pencernaan luwak karena system
pencernaan luwak yang sederhana sehingga saat keluar bersama feses biji kopi
masih utuh terbungkus kulit tanduk</span><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada saat biji berada dalam
system pencernaan luwak, terjadi proses fermentasi secara alami selama kurang
lebih 10 jam. Prof. Massiomo Marcone dari Guelpg University, Kanada,
menyebutkan fermentasi pada pencernaan luwak ini meningkatkan kualitas kopi
karena selain barada pada suhu fermentasi optimal 24 - 26<sup>0</sup> Celcius
juga dibantu dengan enzim dan bakteri yang ada pada pencernaan luwak. Kandungan
protein kopi luwak lebih rendah ketimbang kopi biasa karena perombakan protein
melalui fermentasi lebih optimal. Protein ini berperan sebagai pembentuk rasa
pahit pada kopi saat disangrai sehingga kopi luwak tidak sepahit kopi biasa
karena kandungan proteinnya rendah. Komponen yang menguap pun berbeda antara
kopi luwak dan kopi biasa. Terbukti aroma dan citarasa kopi luwak sangat khas.
Proses fermentasi tak lazim oleh luwak ini membuat sebagian orang enggan
mengkonsumsinya karena jijik atau takut. Padahal menurut Massimo, kandungan
bakteri pada kopi luwak yang telah dioven lebih rendah daripada kopi dengan
proses biasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 8pt;">http://talentawarung.blogspot.com/2012/07/coferait.html</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-7566423470773816652012-08-05T02:09:00.001-07:002012-08-05T02:09:43.972-07:00Termodinamika<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-transform: uppercase;">Kata Pengantar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Segala
puji bagi Tuhan yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, hidayah serta inaya-Nya kepada
kami penyusun makalah fisika yang berjudul ”Termodinamika” tanpa halangan suatu
apapun sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Makalah
yang berjudul “Termodinamika” ini berisi tantang definisi termodinamika,
sejarah perkembangan termodinamika, tokoh penemu termodinamaika, system
termodinamika, hukum termodinamika,faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi termodinamika
dan contoh soal tenteng termodinamika. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maklah
ini kami susun selain untuk memenuhi tugas dari guru pembimbing mata pelajaran
Fisika juga bertujuan agar kami lebih memahami tentang termodinamika dan bisa
digunakan sebagai refrensi para pembaca agar lebih mengetahui tentang
termodinamika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kami
berterima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah mendukung dalam penyelesaian
makalah ini baik kepada orang tua kami,guru-guru kami, teman-teman yang telah
mendukung dan orang-orang terdekat kami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
pembuatan makalah ini kami sadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan karena ‘Tak ada
gading yang tak retak’ jadi kami sangat membutuhkan kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semoga
makalah ini bermanfaat baik bagi diri kita sendiri maupun bagi semua pihak yang
membaca makalah ini</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Definisi Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Termodinamika berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thermos</i> yang berarti ‘panas’ dan dari
bahasa Inggris yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dynamic</i> yang
artinya ‘perubahan’(perubahan fisika energi, panas, kerja, entropi dan
kespontanan proses)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
maka dapat diartikan bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Termodinamika merupakan cabang dari ilmu fisika
yang mempelajari suhu, kalor, dan besaran mikroskopik lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejarah
Perkembangan Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang yang pertama kali
menemukannya adalah Aristoteles (350 SM). Dia mengatakan bahwa panas adalah bagian
dari materi atau materi tersusun dari panas.<br />
Penalaran yang dilakukan oleh Aristoteles diteruskan oleh Galileo Galilei
(1593) yang menganggap bahwa panas adalah sesuatu yang dapat diukur dengan
penemuannya berupa termometer air. Beberapa abad setelahnya Sir Humphrey Davy
dan Count Rumford (1799) menegaskan bahwa panas adalah sesuatu yang mengalir.
Kesimpulan ini mendukung prinsip kerja termometer, tapi membantah pernyataan
Aristoteles. Seharusnya hukum ke-nol termodinamika dirumuskan saat itu, tapi karena
termodinamika belum berkembang sebagai ilmu, maka belum terpikirkan oleh para
ilmuwan. “dua sistem dalam keadaan setimbang dengan sistem ketiga, maka
ketiganya dalam saling setimbang satu dengan lainnya”.<br />
Pada tahun 1778, Thomas Alfa Edison memperkenalkan mesin uap pertama yang
mengkonvesi panas menjadi kerja mekanik. Mesin tersebut disempurnakan oleh
Sardi Carnot (1824). Saat itu, dia berupaya menemukan hubungan antara panas
yang digunakan dan kerja mekanik yang dihasilkan. Hasil pemikirannya merupakan
titik awal perkembangan ilmu termodinamika klasik dan beliau dianggap sebagai
Bapak Termodinamika.<br />
Pada tahun 1845, James P. Joule menyimpulkan bahwa panas dan kerja adalah dua
bentuk energi yang satu sama lain dapat dikonversi. Kesimpulan ini didukung pula
oleh Rudolf Clausius, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), Helmhozt, dan Robert
Mayer. Selanjutnya, para ilmuwan ini merumuskan hukum pertama termodinamika
(1850). Setahun sebelumnya, Lord Kelvin telah memperkenalkan istilah
termodinamika melalui makalahnya: An Account of Carnot’s Theory of the Motive
Power of Heat. Buku pertama tentang termodinamika ditulis oleh William Rankine
pada tahun 1859.<br />
“perubahan energi dalam dari suatu sistem termodinamika tertutup sama dengan
total dari jumlah energi panas yang disuplai ke dalam sistem dan kerja yang
dilakukan terhadap sistem”<br />
∆U = Q + W<br />
Setelah mempelajari mesin Carnot, Lord Kelvin, Planck, dan menyimpulkan bahwa
pada suatu mesin siklik tidak mungkin kalor yang diterima mesin diubah semuanya
menjadi kerja, selalu ada kalor yang dibuang oleh mesin. Hal ini karena adalah
sifat sistem yang selalu menuju ketidakteraturan, entropi (S) meningkat. Saat
itu hukum kedua termodinamika diperkenalkan (1860). Menurut Clausius, besarnya
perubahan entropi yang dialami oleh suatu sistem, ketika sistem tersebut
mendapat tambahan kalor (Q) pada temperatur tetap dinyatakan melalui persamaan
di bawah :<br />
“total entropi dari suatu sistem termodinamika terisolasi cenderung untuk
meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya waktu, mendekati nilai maksimumnya”<br />
Selama tahun 1873-1976, fisikawan matematika Amerika Josiah Willard Gibbs
menerbitkan tiga makalah, salah satunya adalah On the Equilibrium of
Heterogeneous Substances. Makalah tersebut menunjukkan bahwa proses
termodinamika dapat dijelaskan secara matematis, dengan mempelajari energi,
entropi, volume, temperatur dan tekanan sistem, sedemikian rupa untuk
menentukan apakah suatu proses akan terjadi secara spontan. Pada awal abad
ke-20, ahli kimia seperti Gilbert N. Lewis, Merle Randall, dan EA Guggenheim
mulai menerapkan metode matematis Gibbs tersebut untuk analisis proses kimia
yang disebut termodinamika kimia.<br />
Pada tahun 1885, Boltzman menyatakan bahwa energi dalam dan entropi merupakan
besaran yang menyatakan keadaan mikroskopis sistem. Pernyataan ini mengawali
berkembangnya termodinamika statistik, yaitu pendekatan mikroskopis tentang
sifat termodinamis suatu zat berdasarkan perilaku kumpulan partikel-partikel
yang menyusunnya. Dasar-dasar termodinamika statistik ditetapkan oleh fisikawan
seperti James Clerk Maxwell, W. Nernst, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf
Clausius dan J. Willard Gibbs .Willard Gibbs. Pada tahun 1906 Giauque dan W.
Nernst merumuskan hukum ketiga termodinamika.<br />
“pada saat suatu sistem mencapai temperatur nol absolut, semua proses akan
berhenti dan entropi sistem akan mendekati nilai minimum”<br />
Pada tahun 1911, Einstein menyatakan bahwa massa merupakan perwujudan dari
energi (E=mc2). Hal ini kemudian dibenarkan oleh ilmuwan mekanika kuantum
(1900-1940) bahwa radiasi sebagai bentuk energi bisa bersifat sebagai partikel.
Pernyataan ini seakan-akan membenarkan penalaran Aristoteles sebelumnya bahwa
materi = energi.<br />
Pada tahun 1950, para ilmuwan, seperti Carl Anderson menemukan adanya partikel
antimateri yang bisa memusnahkan materi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tokoh
Penemu Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Benjamin Thompson<br />
Benjamin Thompson atau 'Count Rumford' (1753 – 1814) adalah penemu, ilmuwan,
negarawan, dan tentara terkenal kelahiran Amerika. Benjamin Thompson dilahirkan
di Woburn Utara, Massachusetts pada tanggal 26 Maret 1753 beragama Anglican.
Ayahnya adalah seorang petani dan meninggal ketika Benjamin Thompson berumur 2
tahun. Ibunya, Ruth Simonds menikah lagi dengan Josiah Pierce pada bulan Maret
1976. Di masa kecilnya, Benjamin Thompson memiliki keterbatasan untuk sekolah
sehingga dia lebih banyak belajar sendiri dan kemudian mendapat banyak
pengetahuan dari teman dan kenalannya. Pada usia 13 tahun, Benjamin Thompson
mulai melakukan beberapa pekerjaan seperti menjadi juru tulis seorang importer,
pedagang bahan kering dan kemudian magang di Doctor John Hay of Woburn, dimana
Thompson mendapatkan banyak pengetahuan tentang ilmu medis. Bakat Thompson
dalam bekerja dengan alat mekanis dan kemampuan bahasanya yang sangat baik
membuat John Fowle, salah satu guru lulusan Harvard, membantunya untuk belajar
dengan Professor John Winthrop di Harvard.<br />
Pada tahun 1772, Thompson meninggalkan kota kelahirannya dan mengajar di salah
satu sekolah di Bradford, Massachusetts sambil mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan
pada Samuel Williams. Tidak beberapa lama kemudian, Thompson berpindah mengajar
di Concord, New Hampshire atas undangan dari Timothy Walker. Di sana Benjamin
Thompson hidup menumpang dan kemudian menikahi anak dari tuan rumahnya, Sarah
Walker Rolfe yang merupakan janda kaya di daerah Concord. Istrinyalah yang
memperkenalkan Thompson pada Gubernur Wentworth dari New Hampshire dan
mengangkatnya menjadi mayor di New Hampshire Militia.<br />
Pada saat revolusi Amerika meledak, Thompson diajak bergabung dengan Amerika
untuk melawan Inggis karena dia memiliki hubungan penting dengan pemerintah
Inggris namun dia menolak. Benjamin Thompson meninggalkan keluarganya di
Amerika pada tahun 1974 dan bergabung dengan pemerintah Britania Raya (Inggris)
sebagai penasihat Jenderal Thomas Gage. Pada tahun 1776, Thompson bekerja
sebagai juru tulis di Sekretariat Negara kemudian jabatannya terus naik menjadi
Sekretaris Provinsi Georgia, dan pada tahun 1779 Benjamin Thompson menjadi
salah satu anggota Royal Society.<br />
Selain politik, dunia militer juga digeluti oleh Benjamin Thompson. Benjamin
Thompson pernah menjabat sebagai letnan kolonel pasukan Britania Raya dan
mendapatkan gelar kesatrian dari Raja George III. Pada tahun 1785, Benjamin
Thompson bergabung bersama pasukan Austria untuk melawan Turki dan di sana dia
berkenalan dengan Pangeran Maximillian dari Bavaria yang mengundangnya untuk
tinggal Bavaria. Thompson tinggal di Bavaria selama beberapa tahun untuk
memimpin pasukan Bavaria yang kurang mendapatkan perhatian dan penghidupan yang
layak, kemudian membuat perubahan besar di daerah tersebut. Para tentara diberi
bayaran lebih tinggi, dibuatkan sarana rekreasi, dan diberikan pendidikan
gratis baik untuk tentara maupun anak-anak mereka. Benjamin Thompson juga
memberikan penghasilan kepada pengemis jalanan dengan mempekerjakan mereka
untuk menjahit pakaian tentara Bavaria yang kurang layak pakai. Pada tahun
1971, Benjamin Thompson dianugerahi gelar Count of the Holy Roman Empire. <br />
Di samping mengurusi masalah politik dan militer, Thompson juga aktif meneliti
berbagai hal, terutama bidang Fisika. Sekitar tahun 1975, Benjamin Thompson
meneliti tentang gaya pada bubuk mesiu dan membangun sistem sinyal kelautan
yang baru bagi tentara Inggris. Kontribusinya yang terbesar pada dunia Fisika
adalah pemikirannya tentang teori kalor. Pada akhir abad ke-18, teori kalori
yang dipercaya adalah bahwa kalor merupakan fluida yang dapat mengalir ke dalam
tubuh ketika dipanaskan dan mengalir keluar ketika didinginkan.<br />
Saat meneliti tentang bubuk mesiu, Benjamin Thompson menemukan adanya
penyimpangan atau anomali yang tidak dapat dijelaskan dengan teori kalori. Di
dalam laporannya kepada Royal Society yang berjudul "An Experimental
Enquiry concerning the Source of Heat excited by Friction" (1798),
Benjamin Thompson mengajukan suatu teori baru yang menyatakan bahwa kerja
mekanis akan menghasilkan kalor dan kalor tersebut merupakan suatu bentuk
gerak. Teori tersebut berhasil memberikan penjelasan mengapa panas yang
dihasilkan dari gesekan peluru meriam (bubuk mesiu) tidak akan pernah habis.
Peristiwa itu tak dapat dijelaskan dengan teori kalori terdahulu. <br />
Di dalam laporan tersebut terdapat perhitungan jumlah kuantitas kalor yang
diproduksi oleh energi mekanis. Teori yang dikemukakan Thompson bertentangan
dengan teori kalori yang terdahulu dan banyak orang pada saat itu yang tidak
yakin dengan Thompson hingga James Maxwell mengemukakan teori kinetik kalor
pada tahun 1871. Penemuan-penemuan Thompson lainnya adalah kompor, oven, ketel
ganda, dan pakaian penahan panas, serta mengembangkan cerobong asap dan tungku
perapian yang ada. <br />
Pada tahun 1804, Thompson menetap di Paris dan menikah dengan Madame Lavoisier,
janda seorang ahli kimia Perancis, Antoine Lavoisier. Pernikahan tersebut hanya
bertahan beberapa tahun dan pada 1807 Benjamin Thompson pensiun dan menetap di
desa Auteuil dekat Paris. Thompson menjadi anggota Institusi Nasional Perancis
sebagai dan secara rutin berkontribusi dalam berbagai pertemuan dan debat ilmu
pengetahuan.<br />
Penghargaan yang pernah diraihnya adalah Copley Medal. Setelah perceraiannya,
Thompson dirawat oleh anak perempuannya hingga pada tanggal 21 Agustus 1814,
Benjamin Thompson meninggal di Auteuil, Paris pada usia 61 tahun. Dibangun
Monumen Benjamin Thompson di English Garden.<br />
2. Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff <br />
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff adalah kimiawan fisika dan organik Belanda dan
pemenang Penghargaan Nobel dalam Kimia pada 1901 Penelitiannya pada kinetika
kimia, kesetimbangan kimia, tekanan osmotik dan kristalografi diakui sebagai
hasil karya utamanya. Jacobus juga mendirikan bidang ilmu kimia fisika, ia juga
dianggap sebagai salah satu kimiawan terbesar sepanjang masa bersama kimiawan
Perancis Antoine Lavoisier, Louis Pasteur dan ahli kimia Jerman Friedrich
Wöhler. Ia lahir di Rotterdam, Belanda 30 Agustus 1852, anak ke-3 dari 7
bersaudara Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, seorang dokter dan Alida Jacoba Kolff.
Pada 1869 memasuki Universitas Teknologi Delft dan menerima gelar diploma dalam
teknologi pada 1871.<br />
Setelah menghabiskan masa setahun di Leiden, terutama untuk matematika, ia
pindah ke Bonn untuk bekerja dengan Kekule von Stradonitz 1872 - 1873; lalu
dilanjutkan di Paris dengan C.A. Wurtz, saat ia menempuh sebagian besar
kurikulum antara 1873-1874. Ia kembali ke Belanda pada 1874 mendapat gelar
doktor bersama E. Mulder di Utrecht. Pada 1876 ia menjadi dosen di Fakultas
Kedokteran Hewan di Utrecht dan meninggalkan kedudukan ini untuk jabatan yang
sama di Universitas Amsterdam tahun berikutnya. Pada 1878 menjadi Guru Besar
Kimia, Mineralogi, dan Geologi. Setelah menjabat selama 18 tahun ia menerima
undangan ke Berlin sebagai Profesor Kehormatan dan keanggotaan di Akademi Ilmu
Pengertahuan Kerajaan Prusia. <br />
Alasan perubahan ini ialah karena ia terlalu dibebani dengan kewajiban memberi
kuliah dasar dan menguji banyak mahasiswa, termasuk juga propaedeutika medis
malah, membuat waktu untuk risetnya jadi berkurang. Ia adalah penasihat yang
rajin untuk pembentukan pembagian khusus pekerja ilmiah. Ia tetap dalam
kedudukan ini hingga akhir hayatnya. Pada 1878 ia menikahi Johanna Francina
Mees. Mereka memiliki 2 putri, Johanna Francina (l. 1880) dan Aleida Jacoba (l.
1882) dan 2 putra, Jacobus Hendricus (l. 1883) dan Govert Jacob (l. 1889). <br />
Van 't Hoff terkenal karena terbitannya membuka zaman baru. Tesis kedoktorannya
(1874) berjudul Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Cyaanazijnzuren en Malonzuur
(Sumbangan pada Pengetahuan Asam Sianoasetat dan Malonat). Beberapa bulan
sebelumnya ia telah menerbitkan Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in
de Scheikunde gebruikte Structuurformules in de Ruimte (Usulan untuk
Pengembangan Rumus Struktur Kimia Tiga Dimensi). Selebaran kecil ini, terdiri
atas 12 halaman teks dan 1 halaman diagram mendorong perkembangan stereokimia.
Konsep "atom karbon asimetris", yang berhubungan dengan naskah ini
mendukung penjelasan pembentukan sejumlah isomer yang tak bisa dijelaskan rumus
struktur saat itu. Ia menekankan perhatian pada hubungan aktivitas optik dan
kehadiran atom karbon asimetris. <br />
Gagasan revolusionernya ini baru diakui setelah karyanya pada 1875 Chimie dans
l'Espace-nya (Kimia dalam Ruang) terbit setelah terjemahan Jermannya muncul,
dengan pasal pendahuluan dari J. Wislicenus. Melalui Dix Années dans l'Histoire
d'une Théorie (Sepuluh Tahun perjalanan Sejarah Sebuah Teori) ia dihargai walau
di saat yang sama Joseph Le Bel telah mengemukakan gagasan ini, meski dalam
bentuk yang lebih abstrak. Pada 1884, sejak terbitnya Études de Dynamique
chimique (Kajian mengenai Dinamika Kimia), ia memasuki bidang kimia fisika
untuk pertama kali. <br />
Sumbangan besarnya ialah mengenai pengembangan hukum termodinamika umum pada
hubungan antara perubahan tekanan dan pemindahan kesetimbangan sebagai akibat
variasi suhu. Pada volume tetap kesetimbangan dalam sebuah sistem akan
cenderung berubah dalam arah untuk melawan perubahan suhu yang ditentukan pada
sistem ini. Penurunan suhu menyebabkan lepasnya panas dan menaikkan suhu
menyebabkan penyerapan panas. Asas kesetimbangan bergerak ini digeneralisasi
1885 oleh Henri Louis le Chatelier yang memperluas dengan perubahan volume
untuk perubahan tekanan yang dipaksakan; ini dikenal sebagai asas van 't
Hoff-Le Chatelier. <br />
Di tahun 1885 L'Équilibre chimique dans les Systèmes gazeux ou dissous à I'État
dilué (Kesetimbangan Kimia dalam Sistem Gas atau Larutan yang Ditambah Air). Di
sinilah ia menunjukkan bahwa "tekanan osmotik" dalam larutan yang
dicairkan secukupnya sebanding terhadap konsentrasi dan temperatur penuh agar
tekanan ini bisa diwakili dengan rumus yang hanya menyimpang dari rumus
tersebut untuk tekanan gas yang dilambangkan dengan i. Ia menentukan nilai i
dengan sejumlah cara, sebagai contoh dengan menggunakan tekanan uap dan hukum
Raoult pada penurunan titik beku. Demikian van 't Hoff bisa membuktikan bahwa
hukum termodinamika tak hanya sah buat gas, namun juga buat larutan cair. Hukum
tekanannya, yang diberikan keabsahan umum oleh teori disosiasi elektrolisis
Arrhenius (1884-1887). Orang asing pertama yang datang untuk bekerja dengannya
di Amsterdam (1888) – dianggap sebagai yang terlengkap dan terpenting dalam bidang
Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. <br />
Pada saat di Berlin 1896 - 1905 ia sibuk pada masalah asal endapan samudera,
dengan rujukan khusus yang dibentuk di Stassfurt. Pada kerja yang lebih luas ia
dibantu khususnya oleh W. Meyerhoffer, yang sebelumnya telah bekerja dengannya
di Amsterdam. Kemungkinan ialah orang pertama yang menerapkan hasil skala kecil
di laboratorium, pada fenomena yang terjadi pada skala besar di alam. Hasil
penyelidikan ini kebanyakan diterbitkan di Laporan Akademi Ilmiah Kerajaan
Prusia, diringkaskan dalam karya 2 jilid Zur Bildung ozeanischer
Salzablagerungen, 1905-1909. van 't Hoff amat menghargai kekuatan imajinasi
dalam kerja ilmiah, sebagaimana nyata dalam pidato pelantikannya pada
pengambilan jabatan profesornya di Amsterdam: Verbeeldingskracht in de
Wetenschap (Kekuatan Imajinasi dalam Sains), ia tiba pada kesimpulan bahwa para
ilmuwan yang menonjol telah memiliki kualitas tingkat tinggi ini. Wilhelm
Ostwald, membuat Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie dengannya di Leipzig,
bisa dianggap sebagai pendiri kimia fisika.<br />
Hadiah Nobel Kimia (1901) titik kulminasi karirnya. Pada 1885 diangkat sebagai
anggota Akademi Ilmiah Kerajaan Belanda, setelah nominasinya tak dimasukkan
pada 1880. Di antara medalinya yang lain ialah gelar doktor kehormatan dari
Harvard dan Yale (1901), Universitas Victoria Manchester (1903), Heidelberg
(1908); Medali Davy dari Royal Society (1893), Medali Helmholtz dari Akademi
Ilmiah Kerajaan Prusia (1911); ia juga diangkat sebagai Chevalier de la Legion
d'Honneur (1894), Senator der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (1911). Ia juga
anggota kehormatan Chemical Society, London (1898), Akademi Ilmiah Kerajaan,
Gottingen (1892), American Chemical Society (1898), Académie des Sciences,
Paris (1905).<br />
Van 't Hoff pecinta alam, sebagai mahasiswa di Leiden ia sering ikut dalam
perjalanan botanis dan kemudian di Bonn ia benar-benar menikmati pegunungan di
sekitarnya, berjalan panjang sendiri atau bersama-sama. Deskripsi perjalanannya
ke AS, berasal dari undangan ceramah ke Universitas Chicago, menunjukkan
cintanya pada perjalanan. Penerimaannya pada filsafat dan kegemarannya pada
puisi juga nyata pada awal-awal ia bersekolah di Lord Byron ialah pujaannya.
van 't Hoff meninggal di Steglitz dekat Berlin pada 1 Maret 1911.<br />
<br />
3. Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius<br />
Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822-1888) adalah ahli fisika matematik Jerman,
penemu Hukum Termodinamika II, penemu entropi, penemu teori elektorolisis,
doktor, guru besar, dan pengarang. Ia lahir di Koslin, Prusia, sekarang di
Koszalin, Polandia, pada tanggal 2 Januari 1922 dan meninggal di Bonn tanggal
24 Agustus 1888, sekarang di Jerman pada umur 66 tahun. Ia kuliah di
Unervisitas Berlin dan mendapat doktor dari Halle pada tahun 1848 ketika
berumur 26 tahun. Dua tahun kemudian (1850) ia diangkat menjadi guru besar
fisika di sekolah mesin dan artileri di Berlin, pada tahun 1867 ia jadi guru
bedar fisika di Unirvesitas Wurzburg sampai tahun 1869. Kemudian ia mengajar di
Universitas Bonn.<br />
Clausius adalah ahli fisika teori atau fisika murni. Ia tidak mengadakan
experimen. Ia menerapkan matematika untuk membuat teori yang dapat menjelaskan.
Hasil pengamatan dan exprimen orang lain. Pada tahun 1850 ia membuat karya
tulis yang mengungkapkan penemuannya, ialah hukum termodinamika II dan entropi
termodinamika adalah cabang fisika yang mempelajari energi dan semua bentuk
perubahanya terutama menganai hubungan panas dan kerja. Hukum termodinamika II
berbunyi “Panas tidak dapat dengan sendirinya berpindah dari badan yang lebih
dingin ke badan yang lebih panas”. Di alam semesta terjadi decara terus –
menerus perpindahan panas atau energi dari badan angkasa yang panas ke badan
angkasa yang dingin. Maka berabad-abad kemudian semua panas atau energi akan
terbagi merata keseluruh bagian alam semesta. Keadaan seimbang ini disebut
entropi. Ini berati dunia kiamat, karena semua gerak dan kehidupan berhenti.<br />
Clasius juga mengemukakan teori elektrolisis atau elektrolisa, ialah penguraian
zat cair denga aliran listrik searah. Para ilmuan sebelumnya berpendapat bahwa
dalam entrolisis, air terurai menjadi hidrogen dan oksigen karena gaya listrik.
Tapi Clasius berpendapat bahwa atom-atom molekul selalu bertukar. Gaya listrik
hanya megarahkan pertukaran itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
termodinamika adalah bagian dari alam yang menjadi pusat perhatian
(diamati).Sistem termodinamika memiliki batasan-batasan dalam perhitungannya,
yang disebut lingkungan. Sistem termodinamika diklasifikasikan berdasarkan
sifat batas sistem-lingkungan dan perpindahan materi, kalor dan entropi antara
sistem dan lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada tiga jenis sistem berdasarkan
jenis pertukaran yang terjadi antara sistem dan lingkungan:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sistem
isolasi:</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tak
terjadi pertukaran panas, benda atau kerja dengan lingkungan. Contoh dari
sistem terisolasi adalah wadah terisolasi, seperti tabung gas terisolasi.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sistem
tertutup:</span></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi
pertukaran energi (panas dan kerja) tetapi tidak terjadi pertukaran benda
dengan lingkungan. Green House merupakan salah satu contoh dari sistem tertutup
di mana terjadi pertukaran panas tetapi tidak terjadi pertukaran kerja dengan
lingkungan. Apakah suatu sistem terjadi pertukaran panas, kerja atau keduanya
biasanya dipertimbangkan sebagai sifat pembatasnya:</span></div>
<ul type="disc"><ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembatas adiabatik: tidak memperbolehkan pertukaran
panas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembatas <i>rigid</i>: tidak memperbolehkan pertukaran
kerja.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sistem terbuka:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi
pertukaran energi (panas dan kerja) dan benda dengan lingkungannya. Sebuah
pembatas memperbolehkan pertukaran benda disebut permeabel. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Samudra</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan contoh dari sistem terbuka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
kenyataan, sebuah sistem tidak dapat terisolasi sepenuhnya dari lingkungan,
karena pasti ada terjadi sedikit pencampuran, meskipun hanya penerimaan sedikit
penarikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitasi" title="Gravitasi"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gravitasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Dalam analisis sistem terisolasi, energi yang masuk ke
sistem sama dengan energi yang keluar dari system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum
Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum
– hukum Dasar Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum termodinamika kebenarannya
sangat umum, dan hukum-hukum ini tidak bergantung kepada rincian dari interaksi
atau sistem yang diteliti. Ini berarti mereka dapat diterapkan ke sistem di
mana seseorang tidak tahu apa pun kecual perimbangan transfer energi dan wujud
di antara mereka dan lingkungan. Contohnya termasuk perkiraan Einstein tentang
emisi spontan dalam abad ke-20 dan riset sekarang ini tentang termodinamika
benda hitam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum –hukum
termodinamika pada prinsipnya menjelaskan peristiwa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> perpindahan panas dan kerja pada proses
termodinamika.Terdapat 4 hukum dasar yang berlaku di dalam sistem
termodinamika,yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum Awal<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Termodinamika
hukum ini menyatakan bahwa apabila dua buah benda</span>yang berada didalam
kesetimbangan thermal digabungkan dengan sebuah benda lain,maka
ketiga-tiganya berada dalam kesetimbangan thermal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum Pertama<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Hukum
termodinamika pertama berbunyi “Energi tidak dapat diciptakan</span>dan
dimusnahkan tetapi dapat dikonversi dari suatu bentu ke bentuk yang<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">lain”.Hukum pertama adalah prinsip kekekalan
energi yang memasukankalor sebagai model perpindahan energi.Menurut hukum
pertama,energi</span>didalam suatu benda dapat ditingkatkan dengan cara
menambahkan kalor ke benda atau dengan melakukan usaha pada benda.Hukum
pertama tidak membatasi arah perpindahan kalor yang dapat terjadi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum kedua <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">Termodinamika
hukum kedua terkait dengan entropi.Entropi adalah</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">tingkat keacakan energi.Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa total entropi dari</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">suatu sistem termodinamika terisolasi cenderung
untuk meningkatkan</span>waktu,mendekati nilai maksimumnya.Aplikasi : kulkas
harus mempunyai pembuang panas dibelakangnya,yang<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">suhunya lebih tinggi dari udara sekitar.Karena jika tidak panas dari isi</span>kulkas
tidak bisa terbuang keluar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum ketiga, <span style="letter-spacing: 4.5pt;">Hukum
termodinamika ketiga terkait dengan temperatur nol</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">absolut.Hukum ini menyatakan bahwa pada saat suatu
sistem mencapai</span>temperatur nol absolut,semua proses akan berhenti da
entropi sistem akan<span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">mendekati nilai
minimum.Hukum ini juga menyatakan bahwa entropi</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;"> benda berstruktur kristal sempurna pada temperatur nol absolut
bernilai</span>nol.Aplikasi : kebanyakan logam bisa menjadi superkonduktor pada
suhuyang<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">sangat rendah,karena tidak banyak
acakan gerakan kinetik dalam skala</span>mokuler yang mengganggu aliran
elektron</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum
I Termodinamika</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum I Termodinamika menyatakan tentang kekekalan
energy, bahwa energy adalah kekal, tidak dapat diciptakan dan tidak dapat
dimusnahkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum Termodinamika berbunyi bahwa : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Untuk setiap proses, apabila kalor diberikan pada
system dan system melakukan usaha, maka selisih kalor adalah penjumlahan antara
usaha dengan energy dalam”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">W + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DU</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
= Q</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjanjian tanda untuk Q dan W adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika sistem melakukan usaha maka nilai W positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika system menerima usaha maka nilai W negatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika system menerima kalor maka nilai Q positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika sistem melepas kalor maka nilai Q negative</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sehingga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usaha system (w) = 0 jika v<sub>1 = </sub>v<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usaha system (w) = + jika v<sub>1 < </sub>v<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usaha system (w) = - jika v<sub>1 > </sub>v<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DARI PERSAMAAN TERMODINAMIKA I DAPAT
DIJABARKAN:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada proses isobarik (tekanan tetap) </span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® DP = 0; sehingga,<br />
<br />
DW = P . DV = P (V<sub>2 </sub>- V<sub>1</sub>) ® P. DV = n .R DT</span></li>
</ol>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 32.0%;" width="32%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DQ = n . C<sub>p</sub> . DT</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 68.0%;" width="68%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® maka C<sub>p</sub> = 5/2 R (<i>kalor
jenis pada tekanan tetap</i>)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 32.0%;" width="32%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DU-= 3/2 n . R . DT </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ol start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada proses isokhorik (Volume tetap)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ® DV =O; sehingga,<br />
<br />
DW = 0 ® DQ = DU</span></li>
</ol>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 32.0%;" width="32%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DQ = n . C<sub>v</sub> . DT</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 68.0%;" width="68%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® maka C<sub>v</sub> = 3/2 R
(kalor jenis pada volume tetap)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 32.0%;" width="32%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AU = 3/2 n . R . DT </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ol start="3" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada proses isotermik (temperatur tetap):</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ® DT = 0 ;sehingga,<br />
<br />
DU = 0 ® DQ = DW = nRT ln (V<sub>2</sub>/V<sub>1</sub>)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada proses adiabatik (tidak ada pertukaran kalor
antara sistem dengan sekelilingnya)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
® DQ = 0 Berlaku hubungan::<br />
<br />
PV<sup>g </sup>= konstan ® g = C<sub>p</sub>/C<sub>v</sub> ,disebut konstanta
Laplace<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara lain untuk menghitung usaha adalah menghitung luas
daerah di bawah garis proses.</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usaha pada proses a ® b adalah luas abb*a*a<br />
<br />
Perhatikan perbedaan grafik isotermik dan adiabatik ® penurunan adiabatik
lebih curam dan mengikuti persamaan PV<sup>g</sup>= C.<br />
<br />
Jadi:<br />
1. jika DP > DV, maka grafik adiabatik.<br />
2. jika DP = DV, maka grafik isotermik.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika sistem menerima panas, maka sistem akan melakukan
kerja dan energi akan naik. Sehingga<b> DQ, DW ® (+)</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika sistem menerima kerja, maka sistem akan mengeluarkan
panas dan energi dalam akan turun. Sehingga <b>DQ, DW ® (-)</b>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk gas monoatomik (He, Ne, dll), energi dalam (U)
gas adalah<br />
<br />
<b>U = E<sub>k </sub>= 3/2 nRT</b> ® g = 1,67</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk gas diatomik (H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, dll),
energi dalam (U) gas adalah</span></li>
</ol>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.56%;" valign="top" width="27%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu rendah<br />
(T £ 100ºK)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 29.52%;" valign="top" width="29%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U = E<sub>k</sub> = 3/2 nRT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 16.74%;" valign="top" width="16%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® g = 1,67</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 24.6%;" width="24%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® Cp-CV=R</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.56%;" valign="top" width="27%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu sedang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 29.52%;" valign="top" width="29%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U = E<sub>k</sub> =5/2 nRT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 16.74%;" valign="top" width="16%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® g = 1,67</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 27.56%;" valign="top" width="27%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu tinggi<br />
(T <u>></u> 5000ºK)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 29.52%;" valign="top" width="29%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">U = E<sub>k</sub> = 7/2 nRT</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 16.74%;" valign="top" width="16%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">® g = 1,67</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mungkin membuat suatu mesin
yang bekerja<b> </b>secara terus-menerus serta rnengubah semua kalor yang
diserap menjadi usaha mekanis.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T<sub>1</sub> > T<sub>2</sub>,
maka usaha mekanis:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">W = Q<sub>1</sub> - Q<sub>2</sub></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h = W/Q<sub>1</sub> = 1 - Q<sub>2</sub>/Q<sub>1</sub>
= 1 - T<sub>2</sub>/T<sub>1</sub></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T<sub>1</sub> = reservoir suhu
tinggi <br />
T<sub>2</sub> = reservoir suhu rendah<br />
Q<sub>1</sub> = kalor yang masuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q<sub>2</sub> =kalor yang dilepas <u><br />
</u>W = usaha yang dilakukan <br />
h = efesiensi mesin</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100.0%;" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk mesin pendingin:</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
h = W/Q<sub>2</sub> = Q<sub>1</sub>/Q<sub>2</sub> -1 = T<sub>1</sub>/T<sub>2</sub>
- 1<br />
</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Koefisien Kinerja</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> = <b>1/h</b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MESIN
CARNOT</span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalil : </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari semua motor yang bekerja
dengan menyerap kalor dari reservoir T<sub>1</sub> dan melepaskan kalor pada
reservoir T<sub>2</sub> tidak ada yang lebih efisien dari motor Carnot.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BC ; DA = adiabatic</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">AB ; CD = isotermik</span></div>
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Mesin Carnot terdiri atas 4 proses, yaitu 2 proses adiabatik dan 2 proses
isotermik. Kebalikan dari mesin Carnot merupakan <b>mesin pendingin </b>atau<b>
lemari es. </b>Mesin Carnot hanya merupakan siklus teoritik saja, dalam praktek
biasanya digunakan <b>siklus Otto </b>untuk <b>motor bakar </b>(terdiri dari 2
proses adiabatik dan 2 proses isokhorik) dan <b>siklus diesel untuk mesin
diesel (terdiri </b>dari 2 proses adiabatik, 1 proses isobarik dan 1 proses
isokhorik).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum
II Termodinamika</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hukum II Termodinamika merupakan batasan bagi Hukum
I Termodinamika tidak semua bentuk energy bisa dengan mudah diubah bentuknya.
Jadi secara sederhana hokum II termodinamika membatasi perubahan energy <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">yang dapat berlangsung atau perubahan energi mana yang
tidak dapat berlangsung. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Bunyi Hukum II Termodinamika : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">“</span><span class="apple-style-span"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Entropi</span></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (<i>ketidakteraturan suatu sistem</i>)
dalam sistem tertutup dari masa ke masa makin mendekati maksimal</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hukum
termodinamika kedua menyatakan bahwa kondisi-kondisi alam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">selalu mengarah kepada ketidak aturan atau hilangnya
informasi.Hukum ini juga<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dikenalsebagai
“Hukum Entropi”.Entropi adalah selang ketidakteraturan dalam</span>suatu
sistem.Entropi sistem meningkat ketika suatu keadaan yang teratur,tersususn<span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dan terencana menjadi lebih tidak teratur,tersebar
dan tidak terencana.Semakintidak teratur,semakin tinggi pula entropinya.Hukum
entropi menyatakan bahwaseluruh alam semesta bergerak menuju keadaan yang
semakin tidak teratur,tidak </span>terencana,dan tidak terorganisir.<span style="letter-spacing: 5.25pt;">Hukum ini disempurnakan pada tahun 1877 oleh
Ludwig</span><span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">Boitzmann.Dalam
versinya,entropi nampak sebagai fungsi peluang darisatu</span><span style="letter-spacing: 3.75pt;">keadaan,semakin tinggi peluang suatu
keadaan,semakin tinggi pula</span><span style="letter-spacing: 2.25pt;">entropinya.Dalam
versi ini,semua sistem cenderung menuju satu keadaan</span>setimbang.Dengan
demikia,ketika suatu benda panas ditempatkan berdampingan <span style="letter-spacing: 1.5pt;">dengan sebuah benda dingin,energi akan mengalir
dari yang panas ke yang</span><span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">dingin,sampai
mereka mencapai keadaan setimbang,yaitu memiliki suhu yang</span>sama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rudolf Julius Emanuel <b>Clausius </b>(1822-1888)
adalah ahli fisika matematik Jerman, penemu <b><i>Hukum Termodinamika II</i></b>,
penemu <b><i>entropi</i></b>, penemu <b><i>teori elektorolisis,</i></b>
doktor, guru besar, dan pengarang. Ia lahir di Koslin, Prusia, sekarang di
Koszalin, Polandia, pada tanggal 2 Januari 1922 dan meninggal di Bonn tanggal
24 Agustus 1888, sekarang di Jerman pada umur 66 tahun. Ia kuliah di
Unervisitas Berlin dan mendapat doktor dari Halle pada tahun 1848 ketika
berumur 26 tahun. Dua tahun kemudian (1850) ia diangkat menjadi guru besar
fisika di sekolah mesin dan artileri di Berlin, pada tahun 1867 ia jadi guru
bedar fisika di Unirvesitas Wurzburg sampai tahun 1869. Kemudian ia mengajar
di Universitas Bonn. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Clausius adalah ahli fisika teori atau fisika murni. Ia tidak mengadakan
experimen. Ia menerapkan matematika untuk membuat teori yang dapat
menjelaskan. Hasil pengamatan dan exprimen orang lain. Pada tahun 1850 ia
membuat karya tulis yang mengungkapkan penemuannya, ialah hukum termodinamika
II dan entropi termodinamika adalah cabang fisika yang mempelajari energi dan
semua bentuk perubahanya terutama menganai hubungan panas dan kerja. <b><i>Hukum
termodinamika II berbunyi “Panas tidak dapat dengan sendirinya berpindah dari
badan yang lebih dingin ke badan yang lebih panas”.</i></b> Di alam semesta
terjadi decara terus – menerus perpindahan panas atau energi dari badan angkasa
yang panas ke badan angkasa yang dingin. Maka berabad-abad kemudian semua
panas atau energi akan terbagi merata keseluruh bagian alam semesta. Keadaan
seimbang ini disebut entropi. Ini berati dunia kiamat, karena semua gerak dan
kehidupan berhenti.<br />
<br />
Clasius juga mengemukakan teori elektrolisis atau elektrolisa, ialah
penguraian zat cair denga aliran listrik searah. Para ilmuan sebelumnya
berpendapat bahwa dalam entrolisis, air terurai menjadi hidrogen dan oksigen
karena gaya listrik. Tapi Clasius berpendapat bahwa atom-atom molekul selalu
bertukar. Gaya listrik hanya megarahkan pertukaran itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor – Faktor yang mempengaruhi proses termodinamika</span></b></div>
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</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh soal</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Selama proses isokhorik (v = 1 m<sup>3</sup>),
gas menerima kalor 1000 kalori sehingga tekanan berubah sebesar 814 N/m<sup>2</sup>.
Hitunglah perubahan energi dalam gas selama proses tersebut ?</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawab:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses isokhorik: DV = 0 sehingga DW
= P . DV = 0<br />
DQ = DU + DW ® 1000 = DU + 0<br />
Jadi perubahan energi dalam gas = 1000 kalori =1000 x 4.186 J = 4186J </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Gas diatomik pada suhu sedang
200ºC dan tekanan 105 N/m<sup>2</sup> bervolume 4 lt. Gas mengalami proses
isobarik sehingga volumenya 6 liter kemudian proses isokhorik sehingga
tekanannya 1.2 x 10<sup>5</sup> N/m<sup>2</sup>. Berapakah besar perubahan
energi dalam gas selama proses tersebut ?</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawab:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PV = n R T ® P DV + V DP = n R DT</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses A - B (DP = 0):<br />
P DV = n R DT = 10<sup>5</sup> . 2.10<sup>-3</sup> = 200 J<br />
DUBC = 5/2 n R DT = 500 J (diatomik 200ºC)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses :B - C (DV = 0): <br />
V DP = n R DT = 6.10<sup>-3</sup>.0,2. 10<sup>5</sup> = 1120 J<br />
DUBC = 5/2 n R DT = 300 J (diatomik 200ºC)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi DU total = DUAB + DUBC = 800 J</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Bila suatu gas dimampatkan secara
isotermik maka tentukanlah tekanan, energi dalam danusaha yang dilakukan oleh
gas!</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawab:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gas dimampatkan berarti volume gas
bertambah kecil (AV < 0)<br />
Proses gas secara isotermik berarti DT = 0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi: PV = C ® P = C/V </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena volume gas bertambah kecil
maka tekanan gas akan bertambah besar. Kenaikan tekanan<b> </b>gas ini
disebabkan oleh makin seringnya molekul-molekul gas menumbuk dinding tempatnya
(jarak tempuh molekul gas makin pendek) bukan karena kecepatannya yang
bertambah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DU=3/2 n R DT </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena proses isotermik (DT= 0),
maka perubahan energi dalam sama dengan nol (DU - 0). Berarti energi dalam gas
tidak berubah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DQ = DU + DW ® DW = P DV</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena DU = 0 maka DQ = DW, berarti
kalor yang diserap gas seluruhnya diubah menjadi usaha gas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena volume gas bertambah kecil
(DV < 0) maka usaha yang dilakukan gas negatif( DW < O), berarti gas
menerima kerja dari luar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Sebuah mesin Carnot yang
menggunakan reservoir suhu tinggi sebesar 1000ºK mempunyai efisiensi sebesar
50%. Agar efesiensinya naik menjadi 60%, berapakah reservoir suhu tinggi harus
dinaikkan ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawab:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h = 1-T<sub>2</sub>/T<sub>1</sub> ®
0,5 = 1 T<sub>2</sub>/1000 ® T<sub>2</sub> = 500ºK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila efesiensinya dijadikan 60%
(dengan T<sub>2</sub> tetap), maka</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h = 1 - T<sub>2</sub>/T<sub>1</sub>
® 0,6 =1 - 500/T<sub>2</sub> ® T<sub>1</sub>= 12.50 ºK</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 4in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-29529249141295039642012-08-05T02:05:00.001-07:002012-08-05T02:05:22.823-07:00pernafasan<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengeretian</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernapasan adalah : </span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegiatan mengambil udara (inspirasi) dan mengeluarkan
udara (ekspirasi) melalui alat pernapasan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertukaran gas antara sel dengan lingkungan (respirasi
eksternal). </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi enzimatik, pemanfaatan oksigen memerlukan enzim pernapasan
(sitokrom).</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt;">Alat-alat
pernafasan</span></b><br />
Alat-alat pernapasan berfungsi memasukkan udara yang mengandung oksigen dan
mengeluarkan udara yang mengandung karbon dioksida dan uap air.<br />
Tujuan proses pernapasan yaitu untuk memperoleh energi. Pada peristiwa bernapas
terjadi pelepasan energi<br />
Sistem Pernapasan pada Manusia terdiri atas<br />
<a href="http://gurungeblog.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/sistem-pernafasan.gif"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a>o hidung<br />
o faring<br />
o trakea<br />
o bronkus<br />
o bronkiouls<br />
o paru-paru<br />
<strong>Rongga Hidung</strong><br />
Pada permukaan rongga hidung terdapat rambut-rambut halus dan selaput lendir
yang berfungsi untuk menyaring udara yang masuk ke dalam rongga hidung.<br />
<strong>Pangkal Tenggorok</strong><br />
Pangkal tenggorok disusun oleh beberapa tulang rawan yang membentuk jakun.
Pangkal tenggorok dapat ditutup oleh katup pangkal tenggorok (epiglotis). Pada
waktu menelan makanan, katup tersebut menutup pangkal tenggorok dan pada waktu
bernapas katu membuka. Pada pangkal tenggorok terdapat selaput suara yang akan
bergetar bila ada udara dari paru-paru, misalnya pada waktu kita bicara.<br />
<strong>Batang tenggorok</strong><br />
Batang tenggorok (trakea) terletak di sebelah depan kerongkongan. Di dalam
rongga dada, batang tenggorok bercabang menjadi dua cabang tenggorok (bronkus).
Di dalam paru-paru, cabang tenggorok bercabang-cabang lagi menjadi saluran yang
sangat kecil disebut bronkiolus. Ujung bronkiolus berupa gelembung kecil yang
disebut gelembung paru-paru (alveolus).<br />
<strong>Paru-paru</strong><br />
Paru-paru terletak di dalam rongga dada. Rongga dada dan perut dibatasi oleh
siuatu sekat disebut diafragma. Paru-paru ada dua buah yaitu paru-paru kanan
dan paru-paru kiri. Paru-paru kanan terdiri atas tiga gelambir (lobus) yaitu
gelambir atas, gelambir tengah dan gelambir bawah. Sedangkan paru-paru kiri
terdiri atas dua gelambir yaitu gelambir atas dan gelambir bawah. Paru-paru
diselimuti oleh suatu selaput paru-paru (pleura).<br />
Alveolus dalam paru-paru jumlahnya sangat banyak, lebih kurang 300 juta
alveolus. Luas permukaan seluruh alveolus diperkirakan 100 kali lebih besar
daripada permukaan tubuh. Alveolus dikekelingi pembuluh-pembuluh kapiler darah.<br />
<strong>Pertukaran Gas dalam Alveolus</strong><br />
Oksigen yang diperlukan untuk oksidasi diambil dari udara yang kita hirup pada
waktu kita bernapas. Pada waktu bernapas udara masuk melalu saluran pernapasan
dan akhirnyan masuk ke dalam alveolus. Oksigen yang terdapat dalam alveolus
berdifusi menembus dinding sel alveolus. Akhirnya masuk ke dalam pembuluh darah
dan diikat oleh hemoglobin yang terdapat dalam darah menjadi oksihemoglobin.
Selanjutnya diedarkan oleh darah ke seluruh tubuh.<br />
Oksigennya dilepaskan ke dalam sel-sel tubuh sehingga oksihemoglobin kembali
menjadi hemoglobin. Karbondioksida yang dihasilkan dari pernapasan diangkut
oleh darah melalui pembuluh darah yang akhirnya sampai pada alveolus Dari
alveolus karbon dioksida dikeluarkan melalui saluran pernapasan pada waktu kita
mengeluarkan napas.<br />
Dengan demikian dalam alveolus terjadi pertukaran gas yaitu oksigen masuk dan
karnbondioksida keluar.<br />
<strong>Proses Pernapasan</strong><br />
Bernapas meliputi dua proses yaitu menarik napas atau memasukkan udara
pernapasan dan mengeluarkan napas atau mengeluarkan udara pernapasan. Menarik
napas disebut inspirasi dan mengeluarkan napas disebut ekspirasi.<br />
Pada waktu menarik napas, otot diafragma berkontraksi. Semula kedudukan
diafragma melengkung keatas sekarang menjadi lurus sehingga rongga dada menjadi
mengembang. Hal ini disebut pernapasan perut. Bersamaan dengan kontraksi otot
diafragma, otot-otot tulang rusuk juga berkontraksi sehingga rongga dada
mengembang. Hal ini disebut pernapasan dada.<br />
Akibat mengembangnya rongga dada, maka tekanan dalam rongga dada menjadi
berkurang, sehingga udara dari luar masuk melalui hidung selanjutnya melalui
saluran pernapasan akhirnya udara masuk ke dalam paru-paru, sehingga paru-paru
mengembang.<br />
Pengeluaran napas disebabkan karena melemasnya otot diafragma dan otot-otot
rusuk dan juga dibantu dengan berkontraksinya otot perut. Diafragma menjadi
melengkung ke atas, tulang-tulang rusuk turun ke bawah dan bergerak ke arah
dalam, akibatnya rongga dada mengecil sehingga tekanan dalam rongga dada naik.
Dengan naiknya tekanan dalam rongga dada, maka udara dari dalam paru-paru
keluar melewati saluran pernapasan.<br />
<strong>Kapasitas Paru-paru</strong><br />
Udara yang keluar masuk paru-paru pada waktu melakukan pernapasan biasa disebut
udara pernapasan (udara tidal). Volume udara pernapasan pada orang dewasa lebih
kurang 500 nl. Setelah kita melakukan inspirasi biasa, kita masih bisa menarik
napas sedalam-dalamnya. Udara yang dapat masuk setelah mengadakan inspirasi
biasa disebut udara komplementer, volumenya lebih kurang 1500 ml.<br />
Setelah kita melakukan ekspirasi biasa, kita masih bisa menghembuskan napas
sekuat-kuatnya. Udara yang dapat dikeluarkan setelah ekspirasi biasa disebut
udara suplementer, volumenya lebih kurang 1500 ml.<br />
Walaupun kita mengeluarkan napas dari paru-paru dengan sekuat-kuatnya ternyata
dalam paru-paru masih ada udara disebut udara residu. Volume udara residu lebih
kurang 1500 ml. Jumlah volume udara pernapasan, udara komplementer, dan udara
suplementer disebut kapasitas vital paru-paru.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara sistem pernafasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pernafasan secara garis
besarnya terdiri dari paru-paru dan susunan saluran yang menghubungkan
paru-paru dengan yang lainnya, yaitu hidung, tekak, pangkal tenggorok,
tenggorok, cabang tenggorok. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada awalnya kita menghirup udara melalui
rongga hidung yang kemudian melewati tekak dan pangkal tenggorok kemudian terus
ke tenggorokan. Tenggorok bentuknya seperti pipa yang kuat, terletak di depan
kerongkongan, melalui leher sampai mencapai rongga dada sebelah atas. Dinding
tenggorok diperkuat oleh beberapa cincin rawan yang pada bagian belakangnya
terbuka. Dalam rongga dada, tenggorok bercabang dua yaitu tenggorok kanan dan
kiri yang masing-masing cabang memasuki paru-paru kanan dan paru-paru kiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua cabang tenggorok tersebut
mempunyai ranting-ranting seperti pada pohon. Pada ranting-rantingnya yang
terakhir terdapat gelembung-gelembung paru-paru yang amat kecil dan amat tipis
dindingnya. Gelembung-gelembung itu hanya dapat dilihat dengan mikroskop. Dalam
dindingnya mengalir darah melalui pembuluh-pembuluh kapiler, sehingga mudah
terjadi pertukaran gas dari darah ke udara yang terdapat dalam gelembung
paru-paru dan sebaliknya. Darah tersebut mengambil zat pembakar (oksigen) dan
mengeluarkan karbondioksida. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rongga dada terbagi atas 3 bagian. </span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di depan dan di tengah agak ke kiri terletak kandung
jantung yang menyelubungi seluruh jantung. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di belakang kandung jantung terdapat beberapa alat
yaitu tenggorok, kerongkongan dan aorta. Organ pernafasan tersebut
terpendam dalam susunan jaringan ikat yang tebal. Bersama kandung jantung
organ tadi merupakan suatu sekat yang membagi rongga dada di tengahnya.
Sekat itu dinamakan "Sekat Dada". </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disebelah kanan dan kirinya terdapat rongga yang
dilapisi oleh selaput paru-paru parietal yaitu rongga selaput paru-paru.
Rongga ini seluruhnya ditempati oleh paru-paru. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Antara permukaan paru-paru yang juga
dilapisi oleh selaput paru-paru <i>visceral</i> dan dinding rongga selaput
paru-paru terdapat celah yang sempit yang berisikan sedikit cairan. Sekat dada
khususnya jantung tidak terletak tepat ditengah-tengah rongga dada, tetapi agak
ke kiri, sehingga menyebabkan paru-paru kiri lebih kecil dari paru-paru kanan.
Isi rongga dada dapat diperbesar berkat pengaruh otot-otot pengangkatan
iga-iga, kontraksi sekat rongga badan yang melengkung ke atas. Paru-paru
mengikuti perluasan rongga dada maka terhisaplah udara melalui saluran
pernapasan yang telah diuraikan di atas. Bila tenaga-tenaga yang melapangkan
dada berhenti bekerja, maka kekenyalan dinding dada dan paru-paru menyebabkan
penyempitan rongga dada kembali. Pada waktu tersebut iga-iga menurun kembali,
sekat rongga badan melengkung lagi ke atas, sehingga kelebihan udara didesak
keluar dari paru-paru. Proses tersebut terjadi bila kita menghembuskan nafas
(mengeluarkan nafas). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari penjabaran di atas dapat
ditarik kesimpulan-kesimpulan yaitu pertama, fungsi utama dari adanya sistem
pernafasan kita adalah untuk memberikan darah gas oksigen yang nantinya
disalurkan keseluruh tubuh. Kedua, ketika kita bernafas maka yang kita hirup
adalah gas oksigen (lambang kimianya O2 ) sedangkan gas yang dilepaskan diesbut
gas karbondioksida dengan lambang kimianya CO2. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9021447286623886070.post-20797057315259800792012-08-05T01:56:00.004-07:002012-08-05T01:56:54.922-07:00Menu Insert dalam microsoft exel<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menu Insert <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang ada
pada Microsoft exel memiliki fungsi atau kegunaan untuk menyisipkan sel,obyek
atau fitur tertentu kedalam lembar kerja kita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Didalam
menu insert terdapat berbagai macam sub menu yang didalmnya memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tables</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Didalam table masih terdapat sub
menu seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pivottable<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Table<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: table dalam
table ini berfungsi untuk menyisipkan table pada lembar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kerja</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Illustrations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menu-menu yang ada dalam menu
illustration adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Picture<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan
fasilitas gambar/objek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clip Art<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan clip art yang ada pada komputer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shape<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan
berbagai macam bentuk- bentuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Smart art<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan bagan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> <span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Charts</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sub menu yang terdapat dalam menu
Chart adalah sebagai bearikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Column<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan kolom</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Line<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
menyisipkan chart/grafik dalam bentuk garis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pie<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
menyisipkan chart/grafik dalam bentuk lingkaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
menyisipkan chart/grafik dalam bentuk batang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Area<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scatter<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan
chart/grafik dalam bentuk titik-titik yang digabungkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other chart <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan chart dalam bentuk lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Link</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Didalam menu Link hanya terdapat
satu sub menu yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hyperlink<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menampilkan menu hyperlink</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Text</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa sub menu dalam menu
Text dan biasa digunakan oleh banyak orang seperti:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Textbook<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan textbook</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Header and Footer<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan header and footer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">WordArt<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
menyisipkan WordArt</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Signature line<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan tanda tangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Object<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan objek tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Symbol<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: menyisipkan karakter simbolik ( yang tidak terdapat
dalam keyboard)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04877059517194595156noreply@blogger.com0